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mife  p,  p.  pal  pbrarg 


^mrtti  aiarolitta  ^iah  College 


NORTH  CAROLINA  STATE  '^'^'^^''^'^1^1?,  |,f  jj," 

S01113134  E 


Date  Due 


FEEDS  AND  FEEDING  MANUAL 


BY 


ELMER  S.  SAVAGE 

PROFESSOR    OF    ANIMAL    HUSBANDRY,    CORNELL    UNIVERSITY 

AND 


F.  B.  MORRISON 


ASSISTANT    DIRECTOR    OF    THE    AGRICULTURAL    EXPERIMENT    STATION 
AND    PROFESSOR    OF    ANIMAL    HUSBANDRY,    UNIVERSITY    OF    WISCONSIN 


MADISON,  WISCONSIN 

THE  HENRY-MORRISON  COMPANY 

1923 


Copyright,  1921 


THE   HENRY-MORRISON   COMPANY 
All  rights  reserved 


PRINTED  AND  BOUND  BY 
GEORGE  BANTA  PUBLISHING  CO. 
1  PUBLISHERS 


INTRODUCTION 

"Feeds  and  Feeding  Manual"  first  published  in  1913,  has  apparently  met  a 
need  in  instruction  in  animal  husbandry,  due  to  the  fact  that  it  helped  students 
to  master  important  facts  in  live  stock  feeding  by  provid'ing  a  convenient  means 
of  working  out  practical  problems  and  rations.  The  manual  was  revised  in  1915 
and  has  since  been  twice  reprinted.  This  edition  has  again  been  thoroly  revised 
and  certain  improvements  have  been  incorporated. 

This  manual  has  been  prepared  so  that  students  in  a  course  in  Feeds  and 
Feeding  may  make  a  systematic  study  of  feeds  and  rations  and  may  preserve  the 
result  of  such  study  in  convenient  permanent  form.  The  manual  is  designed 
especially  for  use  with  Feeds  and  Feeding,  by  W.  A.  Henry  and  F.  B.  Morrison, 
or  with  Feeds  and  Feeding,  Abridged,  by  the  same  authors.  The  exercises  have 
been  made  practical,  based  as  far  as  possible  on  actual  experience.  The  computa- 
tions required  have  been  chosen  to  teach  something  besides  mere  arithmetic.  In 
the  exercises  which  are  here  given  the  student  will  be  required  to  make  over  and 
over  again  those  computations  which  he  will  be  forced  to  make  in  actual  practice. 
He  will  thus  become  familiar  with  the  methods  of  computing  rations  and  with  as 
many  as  possible  of  the  feeds  in  common  use  in  the  United  States. 

The  objects  in  mind  in  teaching  an  elementary  course  in  Feeds  and  Feeding, 
as  the  authors  see  them,  are  three:  (1)  To  teach  the  fundamental  principles  under- 
Ij-ing  the  practice  in  feeding  farm  animals.  (2)  To  teach  as  much  as  possible 
concerning  the  source,  composition,  and  usefulness  of  the  feeds  commonly  used 
in  this  country.  (3)  To  teach  the  practice  of  feeding  itself,  so  far  as  practice 
can  be  taught  in  the  class  room  with  occasional  visits  to  the  barns. 

The  teaching  of  the  principles  of  nutrition  which  underlie  the  practice  of 
feeding  has  been  left  to  lecture  and  text-book.  In  this  manual  exercises  have 
been  outlined  wiiich  will  guide  the  student  in  his  study  of  50  common  feeds.  In 
addition,  problems  have  been  suggested  covering  rations  for  dairy  and  beef  cattle, 
horses,  sheep,  and  swine.  In  tliese  problems  the  comparative  usefulness  of  the 
common  feeding  standards  is  brought  out,  and  the  fact  is  impressed  on  the 
student  that  in  order  to  formulate  a  ration  intelligently,  the  nature,  composition, 
usefulness  and  relative  cost  of  a  large  variety  of  feeds  must  be  known.  A 
method  of  computing  the  relative  value  of  the  several  feeds  is  clearly  illustrated 
in  the  computation  of  the  problems. 

There  have  jjurposely  been  included  in  the  manual  more  exercises  and  prolilems 
than  can  be  worked  out  by  most  classes  in  the  amount  of  time  available.  This 
has  been  done  in  order  that  each  instructor  may  select  the  exercises  and  problems 
which  are  especially  important  in  his  own  section.  Additional  blank  pages  are 
provided  at  the  rear  so  that  the  instructor  may  assign  special  proljlems  of  local 
interest,  if  desired. 

The  authors  wish  to  acknowledge  the  help  of  Professor  W.  A.  Henry  of  the 
University  of  Wisconsin  and  of  Professor  H.  H.  Wing  and  Mr.  T.  A.  Baker  of 
Cornell  University  in  the  preparation  of  this  manual. 

ELMER  S.   SAVAGE, 
X  ^  C\^  '  ^-  ^-  MORRISON. 


^"^ 


CONTENTS 

PAGE 

Introduction 3 

Exercise  1.     Digestion  Coefficients  and  Digestible  Nutrients.  .  5 

Exercise  2.     Rations  and  Classifications  of  Feeds 15 

Exercise  3.     The  Wolff-Lehmann  Standards 27 

Exercise  4.     The  Armsby  Standards 39 

Exercise  5.     Morrison     (Modified    Wolff-Lehmann)     Feeding 

Standards 51 

Exercise  6.     Economy  in  Feeding  Live  Stock 62 

Exercise  7.     Manurial  Value  of  Feeding  Stuffs 75 

Exercise  8.     Commercial  Mixed  Feeds 88 

Exercise  9.     The  Feeding  of  Horses 99 

Exercise  10.     The  Feeding  of  Dairy  Cattle 113 

Exercise  11.     The  Feeding  of  Beef  Cattle 127 

Exercise  12.     The  Feeding  of  Sheep 138 

Exercise  13.     The  Feeding  of  Swine 149 

Exercise  14.     Silos  and   Silage 159 

Exercise  15.     Purchasing  Fertility  in  Feeds 159 

Exercise  16.     Rations  for  Dairy  Cows 159 

Exercise  17.     Methods  of  Marketing  Milk — Plan  for  Feeding 

Herd  of  Cows 160 

Exercise  18.     Home-grown  Rations  for  Dairy  Cows — Soiling 

Systems  160 

Exercise  19.     Feeding  Plan  for  Beef  Cattle  and  Swine  Farm  160 

Exercise  20.    Rations  Used  on  Good  Stock  Farms 161 

Summary  Table 162 

4 


EXERCISE  1 

DIGESTION  COEFFICIENTS  AND  DIGESTIBLE  NUTRIENTS 

In  order  to  feed  livestock  most  economically  and  efficiently,  one  must  under- 
stand thoroly  the  chemical  composition  of  the  available  feeds,  the  extent  to  which 
livestock  can  utilize  each  feed,  and  the  actual  feeding  value  of  these  feeds  for 
the  various  classes  of  stock.  Then,  after  finding  the  cost  of  the  different  feeds  in 
any  section  of  the  country,  an  economical  and  efficient  ration  may  readily  be 
worked  out,  to  suit  the  conditions  in  that  particular  district.  Keeping  in  mind 
that  the  chief  object  of  a  course  in  Feeds  an4  Feeding  is  to  enable  the  student  to 
feed  farm  animals  more  cheaply  and  efficiently,  the  exercises  in  this  manual  have 
been  so  arranged  that  first  the  composition,  feeding  value,  and  economy  of  differ- 
ent feeds  are  fully  considered,  and  then  the  knowledge  so  gained  is  applied  in 
working  out  practical  rations  for  the  different  classes  of  animals. 

The  relative  value  of  feeds  depends  not  on  their  total  chemical  composition,  but 
on  the  amount  of  nutrients  which  each  feed  actually  furnishes.  The  most  simple, 
and  likewise  the  most  common,  method  of  measuring  the  usefulness  of  feeds  is  to 
determine  the  digestible  nutrients  in  100  lbs.  of  each  feed.  The  method  of  finding 
the  coefficients  of  digestibility  or  digestion  coefficients  of  various  feeds  and  of 
computing  the  digestible  nutrients  is  fully  explained  in  Part  I  of  Chapter  III  of 
Feeds  and  Feeding  or  of  Feeds  and  Feeding,  Abridged. 

After  studying  thoroly  this  portion  of  whichever  book  is  used  as  the  text,  work 
out  the  following  problem.  Put  the  summaries  of  your  computations  on  page  8 
in  neat,  logical  form. 

Problem. — During  a  10-day  digestion  trial  a  cow  consumed  96  lbs.  of  alfalfa 
hay,  the  average  composition  of  which  was  8.1  per  ct.  water,  8.8  per  ct.  ash,  14.6 
per  ct.  crude  protein,  28.9  per  ct.  fiber,  37.4  per  ct.  nitrogen-free  extract,  and  2.1 
per  ct.  fat.  During  this  time  the  cow  voided  in  her  feces  or  solid  excrement  4.9 
lbs.  ash,  4.2  lbs.  of  crude  protein,  15.2  lbs.  of  crude  fiber,  1.16  lbs.  of  fat,  and 
35.7  lbs.  of  total  dry  matter.  Find  the  coefficients  of  digestibility  of  the  dry  mat- 
ter, crude  protein,  fiber,  nitrogen-free  extract,  and  fat. 

Also  compute  the  digestibility  of  the  ash.  This  is  not  commonly  given  in  tables 
of  digestion  coefficients,  but  can  be  computed  from  the  data  given  in  the  problem. 

Feed  Studies 

To  aid  in  fixing  in  the  mind  the  most  important  facts  concerning  the  more 
common  feeds,  feed  study  blanks  are  provided  for  the  systematic  study  of  50 
feeds.  Before  filling  out  the  feed  study  blanks  for  the  two  feeds  given  on  the 
next  page,  read  the  following  directions  carefully,  and  be  sure  you  understand 
them. 

Source  and  definition. — Under  "Source  and  definition"  state  briefly  what  the 
feed  is. 

Total  composition. — Copy  the  total  composition  from  Appendix  Table  I  of 
the  text  book. 

Coefficients  of  digestibility. — Copy  the  coefficients  of  digestibility  from  Ap- 
pendix Table  II  of  the  text. 


i  r  State 


'»«'^-  College 


Digestible  nutrients.— Compute  the  digestible  nutrients  for  the  first  four 
feeds  studied,  using  the  total  composition  and  the  coefficients  of  digestibility  you 
have  already  copied. 

Enter  in  the  proper  spaces  in  the  table  the  pounds  of  digestiljle  fiber  and  of 
digestible  nitrogen-free  extract  separately,  and  tlien  add  these  numbers  together 
to  find  the  pounds  of  digestible  carbohydrates.     Enter  this  also  in  the  table. 

The  coefficients  of  digestibility  for  the  ash  in  feeds  are  not  given  in  Appendix 
Table  II.  The  digestible  ash  and  the  coefficient  of  digestibility  for  the  ash  can, 
however,  be  found  as  follows:  First  compute  the  digestible  dry  matter  and  the 
digestible  nutrients,  except  the  ash.  Then  subtract  from  the  digestible  dry  mat- 
ter the  sum  of  the  digestil)le  protein,  carbohydrates,  and  fat.  (Do  not  multiply 
the  fat  by  2.25.)  This  will  give  the  digestible  ash.  From  this  you  can  find  the 
coefficient  of  digestibility  for  the  ash. 

The  digestible  nutrients  should  be  computed  to  tenths  of  pounds.  If  in  the 
computations  the  figure  in  hundredth's  place  is  5  or  more,  add  1  to  the  tenth's 
place;  if  less  than  5,  disregard  it.  Use  this  rule  in  general  in  dropping  decimal 
places. 

Total  digestible  nutrients. — Compute  the  total  digestible  nutrients  in  100  lbs. 
and  in  2,000  lbs.  of  each  of  the  first  four  feeds  studied,  and  enter  the  figures  in 
the  proper  place  on  the  feed  study  blank.  The  total  digestible  nutrients  in  any 
amount  of  a  given  feed  equal  the  sum  of  the  digestible  crude  protein,  the  digest- 
ible carbohydrates,  and  tlie  digestible  fat  multiplied  by  2.25.  The  formula  for 
'•'total  digestible  nutrients,"  following  the  above  definition,  is:  Total  dig. 
nutr.=Dig.  protein-fdig.   carbohydrates-)- (dig.   fatx2.25). 

Compute  the  total  digestible  nutrients  in  2,000  lbs.  to  the  nearest  whole  num- 
ber, using  the  general  rule  just  mentioned  for  dropping  decimals. 

Nutritive  ratio. — (Compute  the  nutritive  ratio  of  the  above  feeds  according 
to  the  definition  and  formula  given  in  the  text.  Compute  the  second  term  of  the 
ratio  to  one  decimal  place. 

Price  per  ton. — Enter  on  page  7  and  on  the  feed  study  blanks  the  local  price 
of  each  feed.  These  prices  will  be  furnished  by  the  instructor,  or  may  be  ascer- 
tained from  market  reports,  feed  dealers,  etc. 

Weight  of  concentrates. — In  the  case  of  concentrates  the  bulkiness  of  the 
feed,  as  shown  by  the  weight  per  quart,  is  important.  Hence  for  concentrates 
copy  the  weight  of  1  quart  from  Appendix  Table  VIII  of  Feeds  and  Feeding  or 
from  Appendix  Table  IX  of  Feeds  and  Feeding,  Abridged.  If  possible  determine 
the  weights  by  actually  weighing  them. 

Cost  of  1  lb.  total  digestible  nutrients. — Perhaps  the  most  convenient  way  of 
determining  which  feeds  are  the  most  economical  under  the  conditions  in  a  par- 
ticular district  at  any  time  is  to  compute  the  cost  at  which  each  of  the  available 
feeds  furnishes  1  lb.  of  total  digestible  nutrients.  As  is  pointed  out  further  in 
Exercise  6  and  in  Chapter  VIII  of  the  text,  this  is  a  measure  of  the  economy  with 
which  the  various  feeds  furnish  fuel  or  energy.  The  "Cost  of  1  lb.  total  digest- 
ible nutrients"  should  therefore  be  worked  out  for  each  feed  and  entered  on  the 
feed  study  blank.  Compute  this  cost  to  hundredths  of  a  cent,  using  the  price  per 
ton  for  each  feed. 

Cost  per  lb.  digestible  crude  protein. — Protein-rich  feeds  are  commonly 
higher  in  price  than  those  rich  in  carbohydrates  in  most  districts  of  the  country. 


In  balancing  rations  economically,  it  is  therefore  necessary  to  find  out  which 
feeds  furnish  digestible  crude  protein  most  cheaply.  Therefore,  compute  for  each 
feed,  and  enter  in  the  feed  study  blank,  the  ''Cost  per  lb.  digestible  crude 
protein. ' ' 

Palatability,  usefulness  and  limitations. — Under  "  Palatability,  usefulness, 
and  limitations  for  horses,  dairy  and  beef  cattle,  sheep,  and  swine, ' '  state  briefly, 
but  as  definitely  as  possible,  the  value  of  the  particular  feed  for  each  class  of 
stock.  Before  attempting  to  do  this,  consult  the  index  of  your  text,  and  read  care- 
fully the  paragraphs  in  the  text  on  the  value  of  the  feed  for  each  class  of  stock. 
Do  not  rely  on  your  general  knowledge  of  the  feed,  but  be  specific. 

Timothy  hay,  $ per  ton.     Use  the  figures  in  Appendix  Table  I, 

given  under  "Timothy,  all  analyses,"  and  the  figures  in  Appendix  Table  II 
which  are  the  "Average  of  all  trials."  The  value  of  timothy  hay  for  horses, 
dairy  cattle,  beef  cattle,  and  sheep  is  fully  discussed  in  the  text.  It  is  not  useful 
for  swine.     Would  you  grow  much  timothy  on  a  livestock  farm  in  your  section? 

^ed  clover  hay,  $ per  ton.     Use  the  figures  in  Appendix  Table  I, 

given  under  "Clover,  red,  all  analyses,"  and  the  "Average  of  all  trials"  in  Ap- 
pendix Table  II.  Red  Clover  exceeds  any  other  legume  in  acreage  in  the  United 
States.    Discuss  its  value  thoroly. 


FEED  STUDY  BLANK 


Name  of  feed 

Source  and  definition . 


COMPOSITION  OF  100  POUNDS  OF  FEED 

Dry 

matter 

Ash 

Crude 
protein 

Carbohydrates 

Fat 

Total 
dig. 

nutri- 
ents 

Fiber 

N-free 
extract 

Total 

Lbs. 

Lbs. 

Lbs. 

Lbs. 

Lbs. 

Lbs. 

Lbs. 

CoeflBcient  of  digesti- 
bility   

Digestible 

Total  dig.  nutr.  in  2,000  lbs Nutritive  ratio 

Price  per  ton  $ Weight  of  1  quart lbs. 

Cost  of  1  lb.  total  dig.  nutr (to  hundredths  of  a  cent) 

Cost  per  lb.  digestible  crude  protein (to  hundredths  of  a  cent) 

Palatability,    usefulness,  and  limitations   for  horses,  dairy  and  beef  cattle,  sheep, 
and  swine: 


(Continue  notes  on  next  page) 


10 


FEED  STUDY  BLANK 


Name  of  feed 

Source  and  definition 


COMPOSITION  OF  100  POUNDS  OF  FEED 


Dry 

matter 

Ash 

Crude 
protein 

Carbohydrates 

Fat 

Total 

dig- 
nutri- 
ents 

Fiber 

N-free 
extract 

Total 

Lbs. 

Lbs. 

Lbs. 

Lbs. 

Lbs. 

Lbs. 

Lbs. 

Coefficient  of  digesti- 
bility 

Digestible 

Total  dig.  nutr.  in  2,000  lbs Nutritive  ratio 

Price  per  ton  $ Weight  of  1  quart lbs. 

Cost  of  1  lb.  total  dig.  nutr (to  hundredths  of  a  cent) 

Cost  per  lb.  digestible  crude  protein (to  hundredths  of  a  cent) 

Palatability,  usefulness,  and  limitations  for  horses,  dairy  and  beef  cattle,  sheep, 
and  swine: 


(Continue  notes  on  next  page) 
12 


13 


14 


EXERCISE  2 

EATIONS  AND  CLASSIFICATIONS  OF  FEEDS 

Feed  studies. — Make  complete  studies  of  the  following  feeds,  using  the  feed 
study  blanks  on  pages  17  to  23. 

Alfalfa  hay,  $ per  ton.    Use  the  figures  in  Appendix  Table  I  given 

under  "Alfalfa,  all  analyses."  If  using  Feeds  and  Feeding  as  the  text,  take  the 
coefficients  of  digestibility  for  "Average  of  all  trials."  In  Feeds  and  Feeding, 
Abridged  these  coefficients  of  digestibility  are  the  only  ones  given  for  alfalfa  hay. 
Why  has  alfalfa  increased  so  rapidly  in  acreage  in  this  country? 

Corn  silage,  well  matured,  $ per  ton.    Use  the  figures  in  Appendix 

Table  I  under  "Corn  Silage,  well  matured,  recent  analyses,"  and  the  coefficients 
of  digestibility  for  "Corn  Silage,  dent,  well-matured."  In  your  notes  show  why 
corn  silage  has  revolutionized  stock  feeding  in  recent  years  in  most  districts  of 
the  United  States. 

Dent  corn,  $ per  ton.     Use  the  figures  from  Appendix  Table  I  for 

"Dent  corn."  These  are  for  well-dried  corn.  Take  the  figures  from  Appendix 
Table  II  for  "Corn  meal."  Study  thoroly  the  paragraphs  in  Part  III  of  the 
text  discussing  the  value  of  corn  for  the  various  classes  of  stock  and  make  your 
notes  complete. 

Rations. — Be  .  sure  you  know  the  definitions  in  the  text  for  ration  and  'bal- 
anced ration.  Remember  that  both  apply  to  the  feed  supplied  to  one  animal  for 
24  hours. 

Problem. — The  average  cow  in  a  farmer's  herd  weighs  1,000  lbs.  She  yields 
daily  25  lbs.  of  milk  testing  4.0  per  ct.  in  butter  fat.  He  feeds  her  the  following 
ration : 

10  lbs.  of  alfalfa  hay 

30  lbs.  of  corn  silage 

8  Tbs.  of  dent  corn 

Work  out  for  the  above  ration  the  data  called  for  on  page  26."  Compute  all 
decimals  to  the  third  place  and  tlie  cost  to  tenths  of  a  cent,  following  the  general 
rule  for  dropping  decimal  places  given  in  Exercise  1.  This  ration  is  not  au  ideal 
one,  as  will  be  brought  out  later  in  Exercise  8.  It  is  given  as  a  fairly  satis- 
factory ration  for  cows  of  medium  production  which  can  be  made  up  from  the 
few  feeds  which  have  thus  far  been  studied. 

Summary  table. — In  computing  rations  for  different  classes  of  animals  it  will 
be  found  convenient  to  have  the  data  for  the  different  feeds  which  have  been 
studied  arranged  in  tabular  form  according  to  character  of  feed;  i.e.,  concen- 
trate or  roughage,  and  also  according  to  the  protein  content.  The  data  called 
for  in  the  Summary  Table  of  the  manual,  pages  162  to  165,  should  therefore  be 
filled  in  for  the  feeds  which  have  been  studied,  and  similar  entries  made  as 
new  feeds  are  studied. 

Classification  of  feeds  according  to  crude  protein  content. — For  purposes  of 
convenience  in  computing  rations,  as  will  appear  later,  all  feeds  may  be  ar- 
ranged in  three  groups  according  to  their  relative  amounts  of  crude  protein. 
The  proportion  of  crude  protein  is  shown  by  the  nutritive  ratio.     Low  protein 

15 


feeds  are  those  with  a  nutritive  ratio  of  1:6.0  or  wider.  Medium  protein 
feeds  are  those  with  a  nutritive  ratio  of  1:3.1  to  1:6.0.  High  protein  feeds  are 
those  with  a  nutritive  ratio  of  1:3.0  or  narrower.  The  feeds  to  be  studied  in 
the  manual  are  arranged  in  their  respective  classes  in  the  Summary  Table. 
Learn  into  which  group  each  feed  which  is  studied  falls.  This  knowledge  will 
enable  one  easily  to  combine  feeds  into  a  ration  having  the  desired  nutritive 
ratio. 


16 


FEED  STUDY  BLANK 


Name  of  feed 

Source  and  definition . 


COMPOSITION  OF  100  POUNDS  OF  FEED 


Dry 

matter 

Ash 

Crude 
protein 

Carbohydrates 

Fat 

Total 
dig. 

nutri- 
ents 

Fiber 

N-free 
extract 

Total       

Lbs. 

Lbs. 

Lb,s. 

Lbs. 

Lbs. 

Lbs. 

Lbs. 

Coefficient  of 
bility .    . 

digesti- 

Digestible 

" 

Total  dig.  nutr.  in  2,000  lbs Nutritive  ratio 

Price  per  ton  $ Weight  of  1  quart lbs. 

Cost  of  1  lb.  total  dig.  nutr (to  hundredths  of  a  cent) 

Cost  per  lb.  digestible  crude  protein (to  hundredths  of  a  cent) 

Palatability,  usefulness,  and  limitations  for  horses,  dairy  and  beef  cattle,  sheep, 
and  swine: 


(Continue  notes  on  next  page  ) 
17 


19 


FEED  STUDY  BLANK 

Name  of  feed 

Source  and  definition 

COMPOSITION  OF  100  POUNDS  OF  FEED 


Dry 

matter 

Ash 

Crude 
protein 

Carbohydrates 

Fat 

Total 
dig, 

nutri- 
ents 

Fiber 

N-free 
extract 

Total 

Lbs. 

Lbs. 

Lbs. 

Lbs. 

Lbs. 

Lbs. 

Lbs. 

Coefficient  of  digesti- 
bility   

Digestible 



Total  dig.  nutr.  in  2,000  lbs Nutritive  ratio 

Price  per  ton  $ Weight  of  1  quart lbs. 

Cost  of  1  lb.  total  dig.  nutr (to  hundredths  of  a  cent) 

Cost  per  lb.  digestible  crude  protein (to  hundredths  of  a  cent) 

Palatability,  usefulness,  and  limitations  for  horses,  dairy  and  beef  cattle,  sheep, 
and  swine: 


(Continue  notes  on  next  page  ) 
20 


21 


FEED  STUDY  BLANK 


Name  of  feed 

Source  and  definition . 


COMPOSITION  OF  100  POUNDS  OF  FEED 


Dry 

matter 

Ash 

Crude 
protein 

Carbohydrates 

Fat 

Total 
dig. 

nutri- 
ents 

Fiber 

N-free 
extract 

Total 

Lbs. 

Lbs. 

Lbs. 

Lbs. 

Lbs. 

Lbs. 

Lbs. 

Coefficient  of  digesti- 
bility   

Total  dig.  nutr.  in  2,000  lbs Nutritive  ratio 

Price  per  ton  $ Weight  of  1  quart lbs. 

Cost  of  1  lb.  total  dig.  nutr (to  hundredths  of  a  cent) 

Cost  per  lb.  digestible  crude  protein (to  hundredths  of  a  cent) 

Palatability,  usefulness,  and  limitations  for  horses,  dairy  and  beef  cattle,  sheep, 
and  swine: 


(Continue  notes  on  next  page  ) 
23 


PROPERTY  LIBRARY 

mr     ./I      o«     *^    /^_n 


25 


PROBLEM 
Computed  from  data  in  Exercise . 


Feeds 

Dry 

matter 

Dig.  crude 
protein 

Dig.   carbo- 
hydrates 

Dig.  fat 

Cost 

Lbs. 

Lbs. 

Lbs. 

Lbs. 

Cents 

Totals 

Nutritive  ratio  of  ration  is 

Weight  of  one  quart  of  concentrates  is . 


.lbs. 


How  would  you  improve  this  ration?     (This  question  is  to  be  answered  when  Exer- 
cise 8  is  studied.) 


26 


EXERCISE  3 

THE  WOLrF-LEHMANN  STANDARDS 

Feed  studies. — In  the  previous  exercises,  the  digestible  crude  protein,  carbo- 
hydrates, and  fat,  and  the  total  digestible  nutrients  have  been  computed  for  each 
feed.  In  this  and  the  following  exercises  these  figures  may  be  copied  directly  from 
Appendix  Table  III  of  the  text,  as  sufficient  practice  should  have  now  been  secured 
in  these  simple  computations.  For  this  reason,  the  spaces  for  "Coefficients  of 
digestibility"  have  been  omitted  in  the  feed  study  blanks  for  this  and  the  follow- 
ing exercises. 

Make  complete  studies  of  the  following  feeds: 

Ground  dent  corn,  $ per  ton.    Use  the  same  figures  from  Appendix 

Tables  I  and  III  as  for  "Dent  corn"  in  Exercise  2.  To  the  cost  of  shelled  dent 
corn  add  the  cost  of  grinding  to  get  the  price  per  ton  of  ground  corn.  For  each 
class  of  stock  tell  whether  it  pays  to  grind  shelled  corn  before  feeding. 

Corn-and-oob  meal,  $ per  ton.     On  the  average,  80  per  ct.  of  the 

weight  of  corn-and-cob  meal  is  corn  grain.  Therefore,  a  ton  of  corn-and-cob  meal 
will  contain  1,600  lbs.  corn  grain  and  400  lbs.  cobs.  To  find  the  cost  per  ton  of 
corn-and-cob  meal,  compute  the  cost  of  1,600  lbs.  shelled  corn,  deduct  the  cost  of 
shelling  it,  and  add  the  cost  of  grinding  the  ton  of  ear  corn  to  corn-and-cob  meal. 
In  your  notes  state  for  each  class  of  stock  whether  there  is  any  advantage  in 
using  corn-and-cob  meal. 

Hominy  feed,  $ per  ton.    While  practically  all  the  hominy  feed  on 

the  market  is  a  high  grade  feed,  the  composition  varies  somewhat,  depending  on 
whether  some  of  the  corn  oil  has  been  expressed,  and  on  whether  all  the  corn 
germs  are  included  or  not.  Find  how  the  guaranteed  composition  of  the  hominy 
feed  available  in  your  locality  compares  with  the  average  composition  given  in 
Appendix  Table  I. 

Gluten  feed,  $ per  ton.     With  the  coming  of  national  prohibition 

and  the  consequent  great  decrease  in  the  amount  of  distillers'  dried  grains  and 
of  brewers'  dried  grains  on  the  market,  gluten  feed  has  become  even  more  im- 
portant than  before  as  a  dairy  feed. 

Problem. — The  Wolff-Lehmann  standards  are  now  out-of-date  and  do  not 
meet  present  day  conditions.  Therefore  they  should  not  be  used  in  computing 
rations  for  practical  stock  feeding,  but  instead  one  of  the  modern  sets  of  stand- 
ards, such  as  the  Morrison  (Modified  Wolff-Lehmann)  standards  or  the  Armsby 
standards.  However,  on  account  of  the  historical  importance  of  the  Wolff-Leh- 
mann standards,  any  thoro  student  of  live  stock  feeding  should  understand  this 
system  of  computing  rations.  They  are  still  used  to  a  considerable  extent  by 
those  not  familiar  with  recent  developments  in  animal  nutrition  and  stock  feeding. 

Compute  according  to  the  Wolff-Lehmann  standards  a  ration  for  a  dairy  cow 
weighing  1,000  lbs.  and  yielding  daily  22  lbs.  of  milk  of  average  quality.  Use 
the  following  feeds:  red  clover  hay,  corn  silage,  corn-and-cob  meal,  and  gluten 
feed. 

Before  attempting  this  problem  read  carefully  Parts  I,  II,  and  III  of  Chapter 
VII  of  Feeds  anl  Feeding  or  Parts  I  and  II  of  Chapter  VII  of  Feeds  and  Feed- 

27 


ing,  Abridged,  whichever  is  used  as  tlie  text.  Follow  the  rule  on  page  116  of 
Feeds  and  Feeding  and  page  88  of  Feeds  and  Feeding,  Abridged  in  deciding  how 
much  roughage  and  how  much  concentrates  to  give  the  cow. 

As  is  explained  in  the  text  the  allowance  of  protein  prescribed  in  any  standard 
is  the  minimum  amount  advised,  and  when  protein-rich  feeds  are  lower  in  price 
than  those  rich  in  carbohyrates,  it  is  economy  to  supply  more  protein  than  called 
for  by  the 'Standard.  In  this  exercise,  however,  balance  the  ration  so  tliat  the 
nutritive  ratio  is  within  0.2  of  that  advised  in  the  standard.  The  total  digestible 
nutrients  should  be  witliin  0.5  of  that  of  the  standard.  As  is  pointed  out  in  the 
text  (page  118  of  Feeds  and  Feeding  and  page  92  of  Feeds  and  Feeding, 
Abridged) ,  American  rations  will  usually  contain  more  fat  than  called  for  by  the 
Wolff-Lehmann  standards.  In  such  cases  the  amount  of  carbohydrates  may  fall 
somewhat  below,  as  an  offset.  Simply  balance  the  ration  so  that  the  amount  of 
total  digestible  nutrients  and  the  nutritive  ratio  are  sufficiently  close  to  the 
requirements  of  the  standard. 

The  complete  Wolflf-Lehmann  standards  for  all  classes  of  animals  are  found  in 
Appendix  Table  IV  of  the  text. 


Name. 


rv         ^  FEED  §TUDY  BLANK 


Source  and  definition . 


COMPOSITION  OF  100  FOUNDS 


Dry 

matter 

Ash 

Crude 
protein 

Carbohydrates 

Fat 

Total 
dig. 

nu  tri- 
ents 

Fiber 

N-free 
extract 

Total 

Lbs. 

Lbs. 

Lbs. 

Lbs. 

Lbs. 

Lbs. 

Lbs. 

Digestible 

Total  dig.  nutr.  in  2,000  lbs Nutritive  ratio 

Price  per  ton  $ Weight  of  1  quart lbs. 

Cost  of  1  lb.  total  dig.  nutr (to  hundredths  of  a  cent) 

Cost  per  lb.  digestible  crude  protein (to  hundredths  of  a  cent) 

Palatability,  usefulness,  and  limitations  for  horses,  dairy  and  beef  cattle,  sheep, 
and  swine: 


(Continue  notes  on  next 


29 


31 


FEED  STUDY  BLANK 


Name 

Source  and  definition . 


COMPOSITION  OF  100  POUNDS 


Dry 

matter 

Ash 

Crude 
protein 

Carbohydrates 

Fat 

Total 
dig, 

nutri- 
ents 

Fiber 

N-free 
extract 

Total 

Lbs. 

Lbs. 

Lbs. 

Lbs. 

Lbs. 

Lbs. 

Lbs. 

Digestible 

Total  dig.  nutr.  in  2,000  lbs Nutritive  ratio 

Price  per  ton  $ Weight  of  1  quart lbs. 

Cost  of  1  lb.  total  dig.  nutr (to  hundredths  of  a  cent) 

Cost  per  lb.  digestible  crude  protein (to  hundredths  of  a  cent) 

Palatability,  usefulness,  and  limitations  for  horses,  dairy  and  beef  cattle,  sheep, 
and  swine: 


(Continue  notes  on  next  page") 


33 


FEED  STUDY  BLANK 


Name 

Source  and  definition . 


COMPOSITION  OF  100  POUNDS 


Dry 

matter 

Ash 

Crude 
protein 

Carbohydrates 

Fat 

Total 
dig. 

nutri- 
ents 

Fiber 

N-free 
extract 

Total 

Lbs. 

Lbs. 

Lbs. 

Lbs. 

Lbs. 

Lbs. 

Lbs. 

Digestible 

Total  dig.  nutr.  in  2,000  lbs Nutritive  ratio 

Price  per  ton  $ Weight  of  1  quart lbs. 

Cost  of  1  lb.  total  dig.  nutr (to  hundredths  of  a  cent) 

Cost  per  lb.  digestible  crude  protein (to  hundredths  of  a  cent) 

Palatability,  usefulness,  and  limitations  for  horses,  dairy  and  beef  cattle,  sheep, 
and  swine: 


(Continue  notes  on  ne.xt  page) 


34 


35 


FEED  STUDY  BLANK 


Name 

Source  and  definition . 


COMPOSITION  OF  100  POUNDS 


Dry 
matter 

Ash 

Crude 
protein 

Carbohydrates 

Fat 

Total 
dig- 
nutri- 
ents 

Fiber 

N-free 
extract 

Total 

Lbs. 

Lbs. 

Lbs. 

Lbs. 

Lbs. 

Lbs. 

Lbs. 

Digestible 

Total  dig.  nutr.  in  2,000  lbs Nutritive  ratio 

Price  per  ton  $ Weight  of  1  quart lbs. 

Cost  of  1  lb.  total  dig.  nutr (to  hundredths  of  a  cent) 

Cost  per  lb.  digestible  crude  protein (to  hundredths  of  a  cent) 

Palatability,  usefulness,  and  limitations  for  horses,  dairy  and  beef  cattle,  sheep, 
and  swine: 


(Continue  notes  on  ne.xt  page) 


36 


37 


PROBLEM— WOLFF-LEHMANN  STANDARD 

Computed  from  data  in  Exercise  No 

Standard  meeting  requirements  of  problem  above: 

Dry  matter lbs.     Dig.  protein lbs. 

Dig.  carbohydrates lbs.     Dig.  fat lbs. 

Total  dig.  nutr lbs.     Nutritive  ratio lbs. 

Ration  computed  according  to  standard  above: 


Feeds 

Dry 
matter 

Dig.  crude 
protein 

Dig.   carbo- 
hydrates 

Dig.  fat 

Cost 

Lbs. 

Lbs. 

Lbs. 

Lbs. 

Lbs. 

Totals 

Nutritive  ratio  of  ration  is 

Lbs.  of  total  dig.  nutr.  in  ration 

Weight  of  one  quart  of  the  mixture  of  concentrates . 
"What  is  your  opinion  of  the  above? 


EXERCISE  4 

THE  ARMSBY  STANDARDS 

Feed  studies. — Make  complete  feed  studies  of  the  following  feeds: 

Germ  oil  meal,  $ per  ton.    Before  the  "World  War  a  large  part  of 

the  germ  oil  cake  produced  in  this  country  was  exported  to  Europe.  Now  much 
more  of  this  feed  is  being  used  in  the  United  States. 

Wheat  (whole  or  gro^ond)  $ per  ton.     Tho  good  grade  wheat  is 

not  commonly  fed  to  stock,  it  is  important  to  know  its  feeding  value,  for  wheat 
which  is  unsuited  for  milling  may  be  an  economical  feed  for  stock. 

Wheat  bran,  $ per  ton.  Since  wheat  bran  is  one  of  the  most  im- 
portant feeds  in  the  United  States,  be  sure  you  discuss  its  value  thoroly.  At 
present  prices  is  it  an  economical  feed? 

Standard  luheat  middlings  (shorts)  $ per  ton.     For  what  class  of 

animals  are  middlings  chiefly  used.  At  present  prices  should  middlings  be  used 
as  a  substitute  for  grain,  or  merely  as  a  protein-rich  feed  to  balance  the  ration? 

Problem  A. — Read  over  carefully  the  discussion  of  the  Armsby  feeding  stand- 
ards in  Chapter  VII  of  your  text.  Then  formulate  on  page  49  a  ration  according 
to  the  Armsby  standards  for  maintaining  a  1,000-lb.  steer,  using  only  the  feeds 
which  have  been  studied.  By  taking  into  consideration  the  principles  emphasized 
in  the  discussion  of  ' '  Heat  and  energy  required  for  maintenance ' '  in  Chapter  IV, 
how  can  you  make  a  cheaper  ration  by  using  feeds  which  have  not  yet  been 
studied? 

Problem  B. — A  dairy  cow  weighing  1,250  lbs.  yields  daily  38  lbs.  of  milk 
testing  4  per  ct.  butter  fat.  Formulate  from  the  feeds  that  have  been  studied  a 
ration  for  her,  according  to  the  Armsby  standard.  This  provides  a  minimum 
amount  of  digestible  true  protein  and  of  net  energy.  In  computing  the  ration  the 
digestible  protein  should  not  exceed  that  in  the  standard  by  more  than  0.5  lb. 
The  therms  of  net  energy  should  not  exceed  the  standard  by  more  than  0.5  therm. 
Work  out  the  problem  on  page  50. 


FEED  STUDY  BLANK 


Nartie 

Source  and  definition . 


COMPOSITION  OF  100  POUNDS 


' 

Dry 

matter 

Ash 

Crude 
protein 

Carbohydrates 

Fat 

Total 
dig. 

nutri- 
ents 

Fiber 

N-free 
extract 

Total 

Lbs. 

Lbs. 

Lbs. 

Lbs. 

Lbs. 

Lbs. 

Lbs. 

Digestible 

Total  dig.  nutr.  in  2,000  lbs Nutritive  ratio 

Price  per  ton  $ Weight  of  1  quart lbs. 

Cost  of  1  lb.  total  dig.  nutr (to  hundredths  of  a  cent) 

Cost  per  lb.  digestible  crude  protein (to  hundredths  of  a  cent) 

Palatability,  usefulness,  and  limitations  for  horses,  dairy  and  beef  cattle,  sheep, 
and  swine: 


(Continue  notes  on  next  pagel 


FEED  STUDY  BLANK 


Name 

Source  and  definition . 


COMPOSITION  OF  100  POUNDS 


Dry 

matter 

Ash 

Crude 
protein 

Carbohydrates 

Fat 

Total 
dig.. 

nutri- 
ents 

Fiber 

N-free 
extract 

Total 

Lbs. 

Lbs. 

Lbs. 

Lbs. 

Lbs. 

Lbs. 

Lbs. 

Digestible 

Total  dig.  nutr.  in  2,000  lbs Nutritive  ratio 

Price  per  ton  $ Weight  of  1  quart lbs. 

Cost  of  1  lb.  total  dig.  nutr (to  hundredths  of  a  cent) 

Cost  per  lb.  digestible  crude  protein (to  hundredtlis  of  a  cent) 

Palatability,  usefulness,  and  limitations  for  horses,  dairy  and  beef  cattle,  sheep, 
and  swine: 


(Continue  notes  on  next  page) 


42 


43 


FEED  STUDY  BLANK 


Name 

Source  and  definition . 


COMPOSITION  OF  100  POUNDS 


Dry 
matter 

Ash 

Crude 
protein 

Carbohydrates 

Fat 

Total 
dig. 

nutri- 
ents 

Fiber 

N-free 
extract 

Total 

Lbs. 

Lbs. 

Lbs. 

Lbs. 

Lbs. 

Lbs. 

Lbs. 

Digestible 

Total  dig.  nutr.  in  2,000  lbs .  .  . 

Price  per  ton  $ 

Cost  of  1  lb.  total  dig.  nutr. 

Cost  per  lb.  digestible  crude  protein (to  hundredths  of  a  cent) 

Palatability,  usefulness,  and  limitations  for  horses,  dairy  and  beef  cattle,  sheep, 
and  swine: 


Nutritive  ratio 

Weight  of  1  quart lbs. 

(to  hundredths  of  a  cent) 


(Contmue  notes  on  next  page) 


45 


FEED  STUDY  BLANK 


Name 

Source  and  definition . 


COMPOSITION  OF  100  POUNDS 


Dry 

matter 

Ash 

Crude 
protein 

Carbohydrates 

Fat 

Total 
dig. 

nutri- 
ents 

Fiber 

N-free 
extract 

Total 

Lbs. 

Lbs. 

Lbs. 

Lbs. 

Lbs. 

Lbs. 

Lbs. 

Digestible 

Total  dig.  nutr.  in  2,000  lbs Nutritive  ratio 

Price  per  ton  $ Weight  of  1  quart lbs. 

Cost  of  1  lb.  total  dig.  nutr (to  hundredths  of  a  cent) 

Cost  per  lb.  digestible  crude  protein (to  hundredths  of  a  cent) 

Palatability,  usefulness,  and  limitations  for  horses,  dairy  and  beef  cattle,  sheep, 
and  swine: 


(Continue  notes  on  next  page) 


48 


PROBLEM— ARMSBY  STANDARD 

Computed  from  data  in  Exercise  No 

Standard  meeting  requirements  of  problem  above: 

Dig.  protein lbs.     Net  energy 

Ration  computed  according  to  standard  above: 


.  therms 


Feeds 

Dry 

matter 

Dig. 

protem 

Net 
energy 

Cost 

Lbs. 

Lbs. 

Therms 

Cents 

Totals 

What  is  your  opinion  of  the  above  ration?    Can  you  suggest  improvements  in  it? 


49 


PROBLEM— ARMSBY  STANDARD 

Computed  from  data  in  Exercise  No 

Standard  meeting  requirements  of  problem  above: 

Dig.  protein lbs.     Net  energy 

Ration  computed  according  to  standard  above: 


.  therms 


Feeds 

Dry 
matter 

Dig. 
protein 

Net 
energy 

Cost 

Lbs. 

Lbs. 

Therms 

Cents 

Totals 

What  is  your  opinion  of  the  above  ration?    Can  you  suggest  improvements  in  it? 


50 


EXERCISE  5 

MORRISON  (MODIFIED  WOLFF-LEHMANN)  FEEDING  STANDARDS 

Feed  studies. — Make  complete  studies  of  the  following  feeds: 

Wheat  middlings,  flour,  $ per  ton.     For  what  class  of  animals  is 

flour  middlings  most  commonly  used?  What  has  been  the  usual  difference  in 
price  per  ton  during  the  past  year  in  your  locality  between  standard  middlings 
and  flour  middlings? 

Eed  dog  flour,  $ per  ton.  Do  you  think  red  dog  flour  is  an  eco- 
nomical feed  at  present  prices?     For  what  animals  would  you  use  it? 

Wheat  mixed  feed,  $ per  ton.     What  is  the  relative  feeding  value 

of  wheat  mixed  feed  and  wheat  bran? 

Oats  (whole  or  ground),  $ per  ton.    State  the  extent  to  which  you 

would  use  oats  in  feeding  the  various  classes  of  stock,  Wliich  is  the  cheaper  feed 
at  present  prices,  corn  or  oats? 

Problem  A. — Study  carefully  the  discussion  of  the  Morrison  (Modified 
Wolif-Lelmiann)  feeding  standards  in  Chapter  VII  of  your  text.  Then  work  out 
in  accordance  with  these  standards  as  economical  a  ration  as  possible  for  a  dairy 
cow  weighing  1,200  lbs.,  and  yielding  daily  30  lbs.  of  milk  testing  3.5  per  ct.  of 
butter  fat. 

It  will  be  noted  that  a  range  is  indicated  in  the  amounts  of  digestible  crude 
protein  advised  for  each  pound  of  milk  produced.  The  lower  amounts  are  those 
recommended  by  Haecker  and  the  higher  amounts  those  advised  by  Savage.  In 
this  ration  feed  as  much  protein  as  is  indicated  in  the  higher  figures,  provided  as 
cheap  a  ration  can  be  secured  as  when  the  lower  recommendations  are  followed. 

The  complete  Morrison  (Modified  AVolflf-Lehmann)  feeding  standards  for  all 
classes  of  animals  are  given  in  Appendix  Table  V  of  your  text. 

Problem  B. — Compute  a  ration  according  to  the  Morrison  (Modified  Wolff- 
Lelimann)  standards  for  a  1,400-lb.  horse  at  medium  work.  No  succulent  feed  is 
necessary.  The  weight  per  quart  of  concentrates  is  not  important.  How  would 
you  change  this  ration  on  idle  days,  such  as  Sundays  or  holidays? 


51 


FEED  STUDY  BLANK 


Name 

Source  and  definition . 


COMPOSITION  OF  100  POUNDS 


Dry 

matter 

Ash 

Crude 
protein 

Carbohydrates 

Fat 

Total 
dig. 

nutri- 
ents 

Fiber 

N-free 
extract 

Total 

Lbs. 

Lbs. 

Lbs. 

Lbs. 

Lbs. 

Lbs. 

Lbs. 

Digestible 

Total  dig.  nutr.  in  2,000  lbs Nutritive  ratio 

Price  per  ton  $ Weight  of  1  quart lbs. 

Cost  of  1  lb.  total  dig.  nutr (to  hundredths  of  a  cent) 

Cost  per  lb.  digestible  crude  protein (to  hundredths  of  a  cent) 

Palatability,  usefulness,  and  limitations  for  horses,  dairy  and  beef  cattle,  sheep, 
and  swine: 


(Continue  notes  on  next  page) 


53 


FEED  STUDY  BLANK 


Name 

Source  and  definition . 


COMPOSITION  OF  100  POUNDS 


Dry 

matter 

Ash 

Crude 
protein 

Carbohydrates 

Fat 

Total 
dig. 

nutri- 
ents 

Fiber 

N-free 
extract 

Total 

Lbs. 

Lbs. 

Lbs. 

Lbs. 

Lbs. 

Lbs. 

Lbs. 

Digestible 

Total  dig.  nutr.  in  2,000  lbs Nutritive  ratio 

Price  per  ton  $ Weight  of  1  quart lbs. 

Cost  of  1  lb.  total  dig.  nutr (to  hundredths  of  a  cent) 

Cost  per  lb.  digestible  crude  protein (to  hundredths  of  a  cent) 

Palatability,  usefulness,  and  limitations  for  horses,  dairy  and  beef  cattle,  sheep, 
and  swine: 


(Continue  notes  on  next  page) 


54 


55 


FEED  STUDY  BLANK 


Name 

Source  and  definition . 


COMPOSITION  OF  100  POUNDS 


Dry 

matter 

Ash 

Crude 
protein 

Carbohydrates 

Fat 

Total 
dig. 

nutri- 
ents 

Fiber 

N-free 
extract 

Total 

Lbs. 

Lbs. 

Lbs. 

Lbs. 

Lbs. 

Lbs. 

Lbs. 

Digestible 

Total  dig.  nutr.  in  2,000  lbs Nutritive  ratio 

Price  per  ton  $ Weight  of  1  quart lbs. 

Cost  of   1  lb.   total  dig.  nutr (to  hundredths  of  a  cent) 

Cost  per  lb.  digestible  crude  protein (to  hundredths  of  a  cent) 

Palatability,  usefulness,  and  limitations  for  horses,  dairy  and  beef  cattle,  sheep, 
and  swine: 


(Continue  notes  on  next  page) 


56 


57 


FEED  STUDY  BLANK 


Name 

Source  and  definition . 


COMPOSITION  OF  100  POUNDS 


Dry 

matter 

Ash 

Crude 
protein 

Carbohydrates 

Fat 

Total 
dig. 

nutri- 
ents 

Fiber 

N-free 
extract 

Total 

Lbs. 

Lbs. 

Lbs. 

Lbs. 

Lbs. 

Lbs. 

Lbs. 

Digestible 

Total  dig.  nutr.  in  2,000  lbs Nutritive  ratio 

Price  per  ton  $ Weight  of  1  quart lbs. 

Cost  of   1  lb.  total  dig.   nutr (to  hundredths  of  a  cent) 

Cost  per  lb.  digestible  crude  protein (to  hundredths  of  a  cent) 

Palatabilit)',  usefulness,  and  limitations  for  horses,  dairy  and  beef  cattle,  sheep, 
and  swine:  • 


(Continue  notes  on  next  page) 


58 


PROBLEM— MORRISON  STANDARD 

Computed  from  data  in  Exercise  No 

Standard  meeting  requirements  of  problem  above: 

Dry  matter lbs.      Dig.  protein lbs. 

Total  dig.  nutr lbs.      Nutritive  ratio 

Ration  computed  according  to  standard  above: 


Feeds 

Dry 

matter 

Dig. 
crude 
protein 

Total 
dig. 

nutri- 
ents 

Cost 

Lbs. 

Lbs. 

Lbs. 

Cents 

Totals 

Nutritive  ratio  of  ration  is 

Weight  of  one  qt.  of  concentrate  mixtiu-e  (in  rations  for  dairy  cows) , 
WTiat  is  your  opinion  of  this  ration?    Can  you  improve  it? 


PROBLEM— MORRISON  STANDARD 

Computed  from  data  in  Exercise  No 

Standard  meeting  requirements  of  problem  above: 

Dry  matter lbs.      Dig.  protein lbs. 

Total  dig.  nutr lbs.      Nutritive  ratio 

Ration  computed  according  to  standard  above: 


Feeds 

Dry 

matter 

Dig 
crude 
protein 

Total 
dig. 

nutri- 
ents 

Cost 

Lbs. 

Lbs. 

Lbs. 

Cents 

Totals 

Nutritive  ratio  of  ration  is 

Weight  of  one  qt.  of  concentrate  mixture  (in  rations  for  dairy  cows) , 
What  is  yom-  opinion  of  this  ration?    Can  you  improve  it? 


61 


EXERCISE  6 
ECONOMY  IN  FEEDING  LIVE  STOCK 

Feed  studies. — Make  complete  studies  of  the  following  feeds: 

Barley  (ivlwle  or  ground),  $ per  ton.     In  many  districts  of  the 

northern  states  barley  yields  considerably  more  pounds  of  grain  per  acre  than 
oats.  Is  barley  or  oats  the  more  profitable  crop  in  your  section,  considering  the- 
yield  per  acre  (pounds,  not  bushels)  and  the  feeding  value  of  the  grain? 

Brewers'  dried  grains  (over  25  per  ct.  protein),  $ per  ton.     The 

amount  of  brewers'  dried  grains  produced  in  the  United  States  has  of  cours'.- 
decreased  greatly  since  national  prohibition.  Some  are  still  produced,  however, 
as  a  by-product  in  the  manufacture  of  near  beer,  etc. 

Bye   (whole  or  ground),  $ per  ton.     Is  rye   commonly  grown   in 

your  state?  How  does  rye  compare  with  the  other  small  grains  in  yield  of  grain 
per  acre   (pounds,  not  bushels)  ? 

Kajir  grain   (whole  or  ground),  $ per  ton.     Of  what  importance 

are  the  grain  sorghums  in  your  district?  If  grown,  how  do  the  jields  of  kafir 
and  milo  compare  with  corn?    Which  is  more  profitable  to  grow  for  stock  feeding? 

Bucl:tvheat  •middlings,  $ per  ton.     In  what  states  is  most  of  the 

buckwheat  grown?  Do  you  find  buckwheat  middlings  or  buckwheat  feed  on  your 
local  market? 

Problem  A. — Study  Chapter  VIII  of  jour  text  thoroly.  Be  sure  you  have 
entered  in  the  Summary  Table  of  the  Manual  all  the  data  required  for  each  of 
the  feeds  you  have  studied.  Go  over  this  table  carefully  and  note  which  concen- 
trates and  which  roughages  supply  total  digestible  nutrients  most  cheaply.  Also 
note  which  furnish  digestible  crude  protein  most  economically. 

Compute  according  to  the  Morrison  (Modified  Wolff-Lehmann)  feeding  stand- 
ards the  most  economical,  satisfactory  ration  possible  for  a  OOO-lt)  cow  producing 
daily  25  Tbs.  of  5  per  ct.  milk.  Take  only  the  feeds  which  have  been  studied 
thus  far.  Use  the  same  method  as  is  followed  in  Chapter  VIII  of  your  text.  Be 
sure  your  ration  is  as  cheap  as  possible,  but  at  the  same  time  satisfactory  for 
milk  production. 

Problem  B. — Study  the  ration  worked  out  on  page  26  (Exercise  2).  How  can 
you  modify  this  ration  so  as  to  make  it  more  satisfactory  and  also  more  eco- 
nomical?   Write  your  suggestions  on  page  26. 


62 


FEED  STUDY  BLANK 


Source  and  definition 

' 

COMPOSITION  OF  100  POUNDS 

Dry 

matter 

Ash 

Crude 
protein 

Carbohydrates 

Fat 

Total 
dig. 

nutri- 
ents 

Fiber 

N-free 
extract 

Total 

Lbs. 

Lbs. 

Lbs. 

Lbs. 

Lbs. 

Lbs. 

Lbs. 

Digestible 

Total  dig.  nutr.  in  2,000  lbs Nutritive  ratio 

Price  per  ton  $ Weight  of  1  quart lbs. 

Cost  of  1  lb.  total  dig.  nutr (to  hundredths  of  a  cent) 

Cost  per  lb.  digestible  crude  protein (to  hundredths  of  a  cent) 

Palatability,  usefulness,  and  limitations  for  horses,  dairy  and  beef  cattle,  sheep, 
and  swine: 


(Continue  notes  on  next  page) 


63 


64 


65 


FEED  STUDY  BLANK 


Name 

Source  and  definition 


COMPOSITION  OF  100  POUNDS 


Dry 

matter 

Ash 

Crude 
protein 

Carbohydrates 

Fat 
Lbs. 

Total 
dig. 

nutri- 
ents 

Fiber 

N-free 
extract 

Total    . 

Lbs. 

Lbs. 

Lbs. 

Lbs. 

Lbs. 

Lbs. 

Digestible 

Total  dig.  nutr.  in  2,000  lbs Nutritive  ratio 

Price  per  ton  S Weight  of  1  quart lbs. 

Cost  of   1  lb.   total  dig.  nutr (to  hundredths  of  a  cent) 

Cost  per  lb.  digestible  crude  protein (to  hundredths  of  a  cent) 

Palatability,  usefulness,  and  limitations  for  horses,  dairy  and  beef  cattle,  sheep, 
and  swine: 


(Continue  notes  on  next  paee') 


6fi 


67 


FEED  STUDY  BLANK 


Name 

Source  and  definition . 


COMPOSITION  OF  100  POUNDS 


Dry 

matter 

Ash 

Crude 
protein 

Carbohydrates 

Fat 

Total 
dig. 

nutri- 
ents 

Fiber 

N-free 
extract 

Total 

Lbs. 

Lbs. 

Lbs. 

Lbs. 

Lbs. 

Lbs. 

Lbs. 

Digestible 

Total  dig.  nutr.  in  2,000  lbs Nutritive  ratio 

Price  per  ton  $ Weight  of  1  quart lbs. 

Cost  of  1  lb.  total  dig.  nutr (to  hundredths  of  a  cent) 

Cost  per  lb.  digestible  crude  protein (to  hundredths  of  a  cent) 

Palatability,  usefulness,  and  limitations  for  horses,  dairy  and  beef  cattle,  sheep, 
and  swine: 


(Continue  notes  on  next  page) 


68 


FEED  STUDY  BLANK 


Name 

Source  and  definition . 


COMPOSITION  OF  100  POUNDS 


Dry 

matter 

Ash 

Crude 
protein 

Carbohydrates 

Fat 

Total 
dig. 

nutri- 
ents 

Fiber 

N-free 
extract 

Total 

Lbs. 

Lbs. 

Lbs. 

Lbs. 

Lbs. 

Lbs. 

Lbs. 

Digestible 

Total  dig.  nutr.  in  2,000  lbs Nutritive  ratio 

Price  per  ton  $ Weight  of  1  quart lbs. 

Cost  of   1   lb.  total  dig.  nutr (to  hundredtLs  of  a  cent) 

Cost  per  lb.  digestible  crude  protein (to  hundredths  of  a  cent) 

Palatability,  usefulness,  and  limitaytions  for  horses,  dairy  and  beef  cattle,  sheep, 
and  swine: 


(Continue  notes  on  next  page) 


70 


71 


FEED  STUDY  BLANK 


Name 

Source  and  definition . 


COMPOSITION  OF  100  POUNDS 


Dry 

matter 

Ash 

Crude 
protein 

Carbohydrates 

Fat 

Total 
dig. 

nutri- 
ents 

Fiber 

N-free 
extract 

Total 

Lbs. 

Lbs. 

Lbs. 

Lbs. 

Lbs. 

Lbs. 

Lbs. 

Digestible 

Total  dig.  nutr.  in  2,000  lbs Nutritive  ratio 

Price  per  ton  $ Weight  of  1  quart lbs. 

Cost  of  1  lb.  total  dig.  nutr (to  hundredths  of  a  cent) 

Cost  per  lb.  digestible  crude  protein (to  hundredths  of  a  cent) 

Palatability,  usefulness,  and  limitations  for  horses,  dairy  and  beef  cattle,  sheep, 
and  swine: 


(Continue  notes  on  next  page~> 


72 


73 


PROBLEM-MORRISON  STANDARD 

Computed  from  data  in  Exercise  No 

Standard  meeting  requirements  of  problem  above: 

Dry  matter lbs.      Dig.  protein lbs. 

Total  dig.  nutr lbs.       Nutritive  ratio 

Ration  computed  according  to  standard  above: 


Feeds 

Dry 

matter 

Dig. 
crude 
protein 

Total 
dig. 

nutri- 
ents 

Cost 

Lbs. 

Lbs. 

Ll)s. 

Cents 

Totals 

Nutritive  ratio  of  ration  is 

\iVeight  of  one  qt.  of  concentrate  mixture  (in  rations  for  dairy  cows) . 
What  is  your  opinion  of  this  ration?    Can  you  improve  it? 


EXERCISE  7 

MANURIAL  VALUE  OF  FEEDING  STUFFS 

Feed  studies. — Make  complete  studies  of  the  following  feeds: 

Cottonseed  meal,  choice,  $ per  ton.  Be  sure  and  discuss  the  feed- 
ing value  of  cottonseed  meal  for  the  various  classes  of  stock  thorolv.  How  widely 
is  it  fed  in  your  locality?  If  it  is  not  commonly  used,  do  you  believe  it  should 
be  used  more  commonly  at  present  prices? 

Cottonseed  meal,  good,  $ per  ton.  In  your  notes  state  the  differ- 
ences between  choice  cottonseed  meal,  prime  cottonseed  meal,  good  cottonseed 
meal,  and  cottonseed  feed.  At  present  prices  is  good  cottonseed  meal  or  choice 
cottonseed  meal  the  more  economical  feed?  If  cottonseed  feed  is  sold  in  your 
locality,  figure  out  whether  it  is  an  economical  purchase  or  not  compared  with 
cottonseed  meal. 

Linseed  meal,  old  process,  $ per  ton.     Disregarding  its  tonic  and 

regulating  effects,  which  is  more  economical  at  present  prices,  linseed  meal  or 
choice  cottonseed  meal?     Which  is  more  commonly  fed  in  your  locality? 

Peanut  'meal,  $ per  ton.     Is  peanut  meal  available  in  your  local 

feed  stores  or  is  it  quoted  by  wholesalers  in  your  state?  Which  is  the  more  eco- 
nomical feed,  cottonseed  meal,  linseed  meal,  or  peanut  meal? 

Problem  A. — To  secure  the  greatest  profit  from  stock  farming  it  is  vitally 
necessary  to  understand  not  only  the  feeding  values  of  various  feeds,  but  also  to 
appreciate  their  manurial  values.  Study  thoroly  Chapter  XVII  of  your  text. 
Then  work  out  the  following  problem,  putting  your  computations  on  page  86. 

Compute  the  manurial  value  per  ton  for  the  following  feeds,  using  the  prices 
for  nitrogen,  phosphoric  acid,  and  potash  given  by  the  instructor:  (1)  Ground 
corn,  (2)  Wheat  bran,  (3)  Gluten  feed,  (4)  Choice  cottonseed  meal.  Deduct  the 
manurial  value  per  ton  from  the  gross  cost  of  the  feed  per  ton,  to  secure  the 
actual  net  cost  on  farms  where  additional  fertility  is  needed  (as  is  the  case  on 
most  farms).  Then  compute  the  net  cost  of  each  feed  per  pound  of  total  digest- 
ible nutrients  after  allowing  the  credit  for  the  manurial  value.  Tabulate  your 
results  neatly,  putting  the  following  figures  in  separate  columns:  (a)  Gross  cost 
per  ton;  (b)  Manurial  value  per  ton;  (c)  Net  cost  per  ton;  (d)  Net  cost  of  1 
pound  total  digestible  nutrients. 

If  you  need  more  fertility  on  a  farm,  which  of  these  feeds  are  actually  thn 
cheapest?  Because  they  fail  to  appreciate  the  high  manurial  value  of  protein- 
rich  feeds,  many  farmers  often  think  such  feeds  as  cottonseed  meal  or  linseed 
meal  unduly  expensive. 

Problem  B. — ^Find  the  local  prices  paid  farmers  for  fat  pigs,  fat  steers,  whole 
milk  and  butter.  Then  compute  the  value  of  the  fertility  removed  from  the  farm 
in  selling  $200.00  worth  of  each  of  these  products.  The  fertilizing  constituents 
in  1,000  lbs.  of  these  animal  products  are  given  in  the  table  on  page  275  of  Feeds 
and  Feeding  and  on  page  215  of  Feeds  and  Feeding,  Abridged.  Use  the  same 
values  for  nitrogen,  phosphoric  acid,  and  potash  as  in  the  previous  problem. 

Also  compute  the  fertilizing  constituents  removed  from  the  farm  in  selling 
$200.00  worth  of  timothy  hay  and  red  clover  hay.  In  making  this  comparison  one 
should  of  course  recognize  the  fact  that  all  the  nitrogen  in  red  clover  hay  did  not 
come  from  the  soil. 

75 


FEED  STUDY  BLANK 


Name 

Source  and  definition . 


COMPOSITION  OF  100  POUNDS 


Dry 

matter 

Ash 

Crude 
protein 

Carbohydrates 

Fat 

Total 
dig. 

nu  tri- 
ents 

Fiber 

N-free 
extract 

Total 

Lbs. 

Lbs. 

Lbs. 

Lbs. 

Lbs. 

Lbs. 

Lbs. 

Digestible 

Total  dig.  nutr.  in  2,000  lbs Nutritive  ratio 

Price  per  ton  $ Weight  of  1  quart lbs. 

Cost  of   1  lb.   total  dig.  nutr.      . (to  hundredths  of  a  cent) 

Cost  per  lb.  digestible  crude  protein (to  hundredths  of  a  cent) 

Palatability,  usefulness,  and  limitations  for  horses,  dairy  and  beef  cattle,  sheep, 
and  swine: 


(Continue  notes  on  next  page) 


77 


78 


FEED  STUDY  BLANK 


Name 

Source  and  definition                                                                    

COMPOSITION  OF  100  POUNDS 

Dry 

matter 

Ash 

Crude 
protein 

Carbohydrates 

Fat 

Total 
dig. 

nutri- 
ents 

Fiber 

N-free 
extract 

Total 

Lbs. 

Lbs. 

Lbs. 

Lbs. 

Lbs. 

Lbs. 

Lbs. 

Digestible 

Total  dig.  nutr.  in  2,000  lbs.  .  . 

Price  per  ton  $ 

Cost  of  1  lb.  total  dig.  nutr. 

Cost  per  lb.  digestible  crude  protein (to  hundredths  of  a  cent) 

Palatability,  usefulness,  and  limitations  for  horses,  dairy  and  beef  cattle,  sheep, 
and  swine: 


Nutritive  ratio 

Weight  of  1  quart lbs. 

(to  hundredths  of  a  cent) 


(Continue  notes  on  next  page) 


FEED  STUDY  BLANK 


Source  and  definition . 


COMPOSITION  OF  100  POUNDS 


Dry 

matter 

Ash 

Crude 
protein 

Carbohydrates 

Fat 

Total 
dig. 

nutri- 
ents 

Fiber 

N-free 
extract 

Total 

Lbs. 

Lbs. 

Lbs. 

Lbs. 

Lbs. 

Lbs. 

Lbs. 

Digestible 



Total  dig.  nutr.  in  2,000  lbs .  .  . 

Price  per  ton  $ 

Cost  of   1  lb.  total  dig.  nutr. 

Cost  per  lb.  digestible  crude  protein (to  hundredths  of  a  cent) 

Palatability,  usefulness,  and  limitations  for  horses,  dairy  and  beef  cattle,  sheep, 
and  swine: 


Nutritive  ratio 

Weight  of  1  quart lbs. 

(to  hundredths  of  a  cent) 


(Continue  notes  on  next  page) 


81 


82 


FEED  STUDY  BLANK 


Kame 

Source  and  definition . 


COMPOSITION  OF  100  POUNDS 


Dry 

matter 

Ash 

Crude 
protein 

Carbohydrates 

Fat 

Total 
dig. 

nutri- 
ents 

Fiber 

N-free 
extract 

Total 

Lbs. 

Lbs. 

Lbs. 

Lbs. 

Lbs. 

Lbs. 

Lbs. 

Digestible 



Total  dig.  nutr.  in  2,000  lbs Nutritive  ratio 

Price  per  ton  $ Weight  of  1  quart lbs. 

Cost  of   1  lb.   total  dig.  nutr (to  hundredths  of  a  cent) 

Cost  per  lb.  digestible  crude  protein (to  hundredths  of  a  cent) 

Palatability,  usefulness,  and  limitations  for  horses,  dairy  and  beef  cattle,  sheep, 
and  swine: 


(Continue  notes  on  next  page) 


84 


87 


EXERCISE  8 

COMMERCIAL  MIXED  FEEDS 

Feed  studies.— Make  complete  studies  of  the  following  feeds: 

Cocoaniit  meal,  $ per  ton.     Is  cocoanut  meal  used  as  yet  in  your 

locality?  How  does  it  compare  in  economy  with  the  other  protein-rich  concen- 
trates which  have  been  studied? 

Field  fieas,  $ per  ton.    Field  peas  are  an  excellent  concentrate  for 

stock.  However,  the  price  paid  for  field  peas  for  seed  and  for  soup  peas  is  quite 
often  so  high  that  it  is  more  profitable  to  sell  field  peas  and  purchase  other  pro- 
tein-rich feeds. 

STcim  millc,  $ per  ton.     In  deciding  how  to  dispose  of  his  milk, 

it  is  important  for  the  dairyman  to  understand  the  value  of  skim  milk  and  the 
otlier  dairy  by-products. 

Tanlcage  or  meat  meal  ((yver  60%  protein),  $ per  ton.     For  what 

class  of  animals  is  tankage  chiefly  used?  How  much  tankage  is  needed  to  balance 
corn  for  pigs  of  various  weights,  (a)  in  dry  lots,   (b)  on  good  pasture? 

Problem  A. — ^Find  out  the  retail  price  charged  for  a  representative  mixed 
commercial  dairy  feed  on  j-our  local  market  and  also  the  guaranteed  composition 
and  the  average  actual  composition  as  determined  by  the  feed  control  officials  of 
your  state.     Also  ascertain  the  ingredients  of  which  the  feed  isi  made. 

Then  figure  out  on  page  97  an  economical  mixture  of  concentrates,  using  so  far 
as  possible  the  ingredients  of  the  mixed  feed,  which  will  furnish  as  much  total 
crude  protein  and  total  fat  and  no  more  total  crude  fiber  than  the  mixed  feed  has 
been  found  to  contain  by  the  feed  control  officials.  Compare  the  cost  of  this 
mixture  per  ton,  taking  the  local  prices  for  the  feeds  used  in  it,  with  the  price 
of  the  mixed  feed. 

If  possible  make  up  1,000  lbs.  of  such  a  mixture  of  feed  and  determine  how 
long  it  takes  you.  It  will  be  found  by  experience  that  in  mixing  feeds  on  the 
farm,  shovelling  the  feed  over  three  times  on  a  smooth  floor  with  an  ordinary 
scoop  shovel  will  mix  it  sufficiently  well  for  the  needs  of  farm  animals.  It  should 
not  require  more  than  3  hours  time  of  one  man  to  empty,  mix,  and  rebag  a  ton  of 
feed.  At  the  current  prices  is  tho  mixed  commercial  feed  or  the  home  mixture 
the  more  economical? 

Problem  B. — Compute  the  dry  matter,  digestible  crude  protein,  and  total 
digestible  nutrients  in  100  lbs.  of  the  home  mixture.  As  digestion  trials  have 
been  carried  on  with  but  very  few  mixed  feeds,  it  will  be  necessary  to  assume  that 
the  mixed  commercial  feed  studied  in  the  previous  problem  furnishes  the  same 
amount  of  digestible  nutrients  as  the  home  mixture.  Using  the  mixed  commer- 
cial feed  as  one  of  the  components,  compute  as  economical  a  ration  as  possible 
according  to  the  Morrison  (Modified  Wolflf-Lehmann)  standards  for  a  900-lb. 
dairy  cow  yielding  daily  25  lbs.  of  5  per  cent  milk.  How  does  this  ration  com- 
pare in  economy  with  the  ration  computed  in  the  problem  in  Exercise  6?  Put 
your  computations  on  page  9S. 


FEED  STUDY  BLANK 


Name 

Source  and  definition . 


COMPOSITION  OF  100  POUNDS 


Dry 
matter 

Ash 

Crude 
protein 

Carbohydrates 

Fat 

Total 
dig. 

nutri- 
ents 

Fiber 

N-free 
extract 

Total 

Lbs. 

Lbs. 

Lbs. 

Lbs. 

Lbs. 

Lbs. 

Lbs. 

Digestible 

Total  dig.  nutr.  in  2,000  lbs Nutritive  ratio 

Price  per  ton  $ Weight  of  1  quart lbs. 

Cost  of   1  lb.  total  dig.   nutr (to  hundredths  of  a  cent) 

Cost  per  lb.  digestible  crude  protein (to  hundredths  of  a  cent) 

Palatability,  usefuhiess,  and  limitations  for  horses,  dairy  and  beef  cattle,  sheep, 
and  swine: 


(Continue  notes  on  next  page) 


90 


FEED  STUDY  BLANK 


Name 

Source  and  definition . 


COMPOSITION  OF  100  POUNDS 


Dry 

matter 

Ash 

Crude 
protein 

Carbohydrates 

Fat 

Total 
dig. 

nutri- 
ents 

Fiber 

N-free 
extract 

Total                ;        .    . 

Lbs. 

Lbs. 

Lbs. 

Lbs. 

Lbs. 

Lbs. 

Lbs. 

Digestible 

Total  dig.  nutr.  in  2,000  lbs Nutritive  ratio 

Price  per  ton  .? Weight  of  1  quart lbs. 

Cost  of   1  lb.   total  dig.  nutr (to  hundredtks  of  a  cent) 

Cost  per  lb.  digestible  crude  protein (to  hundredths  of  a  cent) 

Palatability,  usefulne.ss,  and  limitations  for  hor.ses,  dairy  and  beef  cattle,  sheep, 
and  swine: 


(Continue  notes  on  next  page) 


91 


02 


FEED  STUDY  BLANK 


Name 

Source  and  definition . 


COMPOSITION  OF  100  POUNDS 


Dry 

matter 

Ash 

Crude 
protein 

Carbohydrates 

Fat 

Total 
dig. 

nutri- 
ents 

Fiber 

N-free 
extract 

Total 

Lbs. 

Lbs. 

Lbs. 

Lbs. 

Lbs. 

Lbs. 

Lbs. 

Digestible 



Total  dig.  nutr.  in  2,000  lbs .  .  . 

Price  per  ton  $ 

Cost  of  1  lb.  total  dig.  nutr. 


Nutritive  ratio 

Weight  of  1  quart lbs. 

(to  hundredths  of  a  cent) 


Cost  per  lb.  digestible  crude  protein . 


.  (to  hundredths  of  a  cent) 


Palatability,  usefulness,  and  limitations  for  horses,  dairy  and  beef  cattle,  sheep, 
and  swine: 


(Continue  notes  on  next  pa.ge) 


93 


94 


FEED  STUDY  BLANK 


Name 

Source  and  definition 


COMPOSITION  OF  100  POUNDS 


Dry 

matter 

Ash 

Crude 
protein 

Carbohydrates 

Fat 

Total 
dig. 

nutri- 
ents 

Fiber 

N-free 
extract 

Total 

Lbs. 

Lbs. 

Lbs. 

Lbs. 

Lbs. 

Lbs. 

Lbs. 

Digestible 

Total  dig.  nutr.  in  2,000  lbs Nutritive  ratio 

Price  per  ton  $ Weight  of  1  quart lbs. 

Cost  of  1  lb.  total  dig.  nutr (to  hundredths  of  a  cent) 

Cost  per  lb.  digestible  crude  protein (to  hundredths  of  a  cent) 

Palatability,  usefulness,  and  limitations  for  horses,  dairy  and  beef  cattle,  sheep, 
and  swine: 


(Continue  notes  on  next  page) 


95 


•)G 


97 


PROBLEM— MORRISON  STANDARD 

Computed  from  data  in  Exercise  No 

Standard  meeting  requirements  of  problem  above: 

Dry  matter lbs.      Dig.  protein 

Total  dig.  nutr lbs.      Nutritive  ratio .... 

Ration  computed  according  to  standard  above: 


lbs. 


Feeds 

Dry 

matter 

Dig 
crude 
protein 

Total 
dig. 

nutri- 
ents 

Cost 

Lbs. 

Lbs. 

Lbs. 

Cents 

Totals 

Nutritive  ratio  of  ration  is 

Weight  of  one  qt.  of  concentrate  mixture  (in  rations  for  dairy  cows) . 
What  is  your  opinion  of  this  ration?    Can  you  improve  it? 


98 


EXERCISE  9 

THE  FEEDING  OF  HORSES 

Feed  studies. — Make  complete  studies  of  the  following  feeds: 

Blood  meal,  $ per  ton.     Blood  meal  or  dried  blood  is  commonly 

used  only  for  calves. 

Dried  heet  pulp,  $ per  ton.     For  what  class  of  animals  is  dried 

beet  pulp  chiefly  used  in  your  locality?  How  does  it  compare  with  other  car- 
bonaceous concentrates  in  cost  of  1  lb.  of  total  digestible  nutrients? 

Cane  violasses,  $ per  ton.   (   Should  cane  molasses  be   commonly 

used  in  your  section  with  feeds  at  present  prices? 

Corn  fodder  (medmm  in  water),  $ per  ton.     It  is  important  to 

lealize  that  com  fodder  and  corn  stover  vary  widely  in  water  content  and  hence 
in  feeding  value  per  ton.  "Which  is  the  more  economical  feed,  corn  silage  or  corn 
fodder? 

Oai  straw,  $ per  ton.    For  what  classes  of  animals  can  straw  be 

economically  used  to  a  considerable  extent? 

Problem  "A. — If  using  Feeds  and  Feeding  as  the  text,  study  carefully  Part  I 
of  Chapter  XVIII,  especially  Articles  447-57,  and  also  Article  530  in  Chapter 
XX.  If  using  Feeds  and  Feeding,  Abridged  as  the  text,  study  Chapter  XVIII, 
especially  pages  222-4  and  pages  227-8. 

Then  compute  on  page  110  a  ration  according  to  the  Morrison  (Modified  "Wolff- 
Lehmann)  feeding  standards  for  a  1,500-rb.  farm  horse  at  hard  work.  Make  the 
ration  as  cheap  as  possible,  but  be  sure  it  is  an  efficient  and  satisfactory  one. 

Problem  B. — Compute  on  page  111  a  ration  for  the  same  horse  when  idle, 
likewise  using  the  Morrison  (Modified  Wolff-Lehmann)  feeding  standards.  How 
does  this  ration  differ  from  the  one  just  computed? 

Problem  C. — Study  Articles  514  and  515  of  Feeds  and  Feeding  or  pages 
230-231  of  Feeds  and  Feeding,  Abridged,  whichever  is  used  as  the  text.  Then 
compute  on  page  112  a  ration  for  a  1,600-Ib.  brood  mare,  suckling  a  foal,  using 
the  Morrison  (Modified  AVolff-Lehmann)  feeding  standards. 


99 


FEED  STUDY  BLANK 


Name 

Source  and  definition . 


COMPOSITION  OF  100  POUNDS 


Dry 

matter 

Ash 

Crude 
protein 

Carbohydrates 

Fat 

Total 
dig. 

nutri- 
ents 

Fiber 

N-free 
extract 

Total 

Lbs. 

Lbs. 

Lbs. 

Lbs. 

Lbs. 

Lbs. 

Lbs. 

Digestible 

Total  dig.  nutr.  in  2,000  lbs Nutritive  ratio 

Price  per  ton  $ Weight  of  1  quart lbs. 

Cost  of  1  lb.  total  dig.  nutr (to  hundredths  of  a  cent) 

Cost  per  lb.  digestible  crude  protein (to  hundredths  of  a  cent) 

Palatability,  usefulness,  and  limitations  for  horses,  dairy  and  beef  cattle,  sheep, 
and  swine: 


(Continue  notes  on  next  page) 


100 


101 


FEED  STUDY  BLANK 


Name 

Source  and  definition . 


COMPOSITION  OF  100  POUNDS 


Dry 

matter 

Ash 

Crude 
protein 

Carbohydrates 

Fat 

Total 
dig. 

nutri- 
ents 

Fiber 

N-free 
extract 

Total 

Lbs. 

Lbs. 

Lbs. 

Lbs. 

Lbs. 

Lbs. 

Lbs. 

Digestible 

Total  dig.  nutr.  in  2,000  lbs Nutritive  ratio 

Price  per  ton  $ Weight  of  1  quart lbs. 

Cost  of   1   lb.   total  dig.  nutr (to  hundredths jof  a  cent) 

Cost  per  lb.  digestible  crude  i)rotein (to  hundredths  of  a  cent) 

Palatability,  usefulness,  and  limitations  for  horses,  dairy  and  beef  cattle,  sheep, 
and  swine: 


(Continue  notes  on  next  page) 


102 


103 


FEED  STUDY  BLANK 


Name 

Source  and  definition . 


COMPOSITION  OF  100  POUNDS 


Dry 

matter 

Ash 

Crude 
protein 

Carbohydrates 

Fat 

Total 
dig. 

nutri- 
ents 

Fiber 

N-free 
extract 

Total 

Lbs. 

Lbs. 

Lbs. 

Lbs. 

Lbs. 

Lbs. 

Lbs. 

Digestible 



Total  dig.  nutr.  in  2,000  lbs Nutritive  ratio 

Price  per  ton  S Weight  of  1  quart lbs. 

Cost  of  1  lb.  total  dig.  nutr (to  hundredths  of  a  cent) 

Cost  per  lb.  digestible  crude  protein (to  hundredths  of  a  cent) 

Palatability,  usefulness,  and  limitations  for  horses,  dairy  and  beef  cattle,  sheep, 
and  swine: 


(Continue  notes  on  next  page") 


104 


105 


FEED  STUDY  BLANK 


Name 

Source  and  definition . 


COMPOSITION  OF  100  POUNDS 


Dry 

matter 

Ash 

Crude 
protein 

Carbohydrates 

Fat 

Total 
dig, 

nutri- 
ents 

Fiber 

N-free 
extract 

Total 

Lbs. 

Lbs. 

Lbs. 

Lbs. 

Lbs. 

Lbs. 

Lbs. 

Digestible 

Total  dig.  nutr.  in  2,000  lbs Nutritive  ratio 

Price  per  ton  $ Weight  of  1  quart lbs. 

Cost  of   1  lb.   total  dig.  nutr (to  hundredths  of  a  cent) 

Cost  per  lb.  digestible  crude  protein (to  hundredths  of  a  cent) 

Palatability,  usefulness,  and  limitations  for  horses,  dairy  and  beef  cattle,  sheep, 
and  swine: 


(Continue  notes  on  next  paere) 


106 


107 


FEED  STUDY  BLANK 


Name 

Source  and  definition . 


COMPOSITION  OF  100  POUNDS 


Dry 

matter 

Ash 

Crude 
protein 

Carbohydrates 

Fat 

Total 
dig. 

nutri- 
ents 

Fiber 

N-free 
extract 

Total 

Lbs. 

Lbs. 

Lbs. 

Lbs. 

Lbs. 

Lbs. 

Lbs. 

Digestible 

Total  dig.  nutr.  in  2,000  lbs Nutritive  ratio 

Price  per  ton  $ Weight  of  1  quart lbs. 

Cost  of  1  lb.  total  dig.  nutr (to  hundredths  of  a  cent) 

Cost  per  lb.  digestible  crude  protein (to  hundredths  of  a  cent) 

Palatability,  usefulness,  and  limitations  for  horses,  dairy  and  beef  cattle,  sheep, 
and  swine: 


(Continue  notes  on  next  page) 


108 


109 


PROBLEM- MORRISON  STANDARD 

Computed  from  data  in  Exercise  No 

Standard  meeting  requirements  of  problem  above: 

Dry  matter lbs.      Dig.  protein lbs. 

Total  dig.  nutr lbs.       Nutritive  ratio 

Ration  computed  according  to  standard  above: 


Feeds 

Dry 

matter 

crude 
protein 

Total 
dig. 

nutri- 
ents 

Cost 

Lbs.' 

Lbs. 

Lbs. 

Cents 

^ 

Totals      

Nutritive  ratio  of  ration  is 

Weight  of  one  qt.  of  concentrate  mixture  (in  rations  for  dairy  cows) 
What  is  your  opinion  of  this  ration?    Can  you  improve  it? 


110 


PROBLEM-MORRISON  STANDARD 

Computed  from  data  in  Exercise  No 

Standard  meeting  requirements  of  problem  above: 

Dry  matter lbs.      Dig.  protein lbs. 

Total  dig.  nutr lbs.      Nutritive  ratio 

Ration  computed  according  to  standard  above: 


Feeds 

,  Dry 

matter 

Dig. 
crude 
protein 

Total 
dig, 

nutri- 
ents 

Cost 

Lbs. 

Lbs. 

Lbs. 

Cents 

Totals 

Nutritive  ratio  of  ration  is 

Weight  of  one  qt.  of  concentrate  mixture  (in  rations  for  dairy  cows) , 
What  is  your  opinion  of  this  ration?    Can  you  improve  it? 


Ill 


PROBLEM— MORRISON  STANDARD 

Computed  from  data  in  Exercise  No 

Standard  meeting  requirements  of  problem  above: 

Dry  matter lbs.      Dig.  protein lbs. 

Total  dig.  nutr lbs.      Nutritive  ratio 

Ration  computed  according  to  standard  above: 


Feeds 

Dry 

matter 

Dig. 
crude 
protein 

Total 
dig. 

nutri- 
ents 

Cost 

Lbs. 

Lbs. 

Lbs. 

Cents 

Totals 

Nutritive  ratio  of  ration  is 

Weight  of  one  qt.  of  concentrate  mixture  (in  rations  for  dairy  cows) . 
What  is  your  opinion  of  this  ration?    Can  you  improve  it? 


112 


EXERCISE  10 

THE  FEEDING  OF  DAIRY  CATTLE 

Feed  studies.— Make  complete  studies  of  the  following  feeds: 

Corn  stover,  medmm  in  water,  $ per  ton.     How  can  corn  stover 

be  most  economically  utilized  in  stock  feeding? 

Green  corn  fodder,  $ per  ton.     Use  figures  from  Appendix  Table 

III  of  your  text  for  "Green  corn  fodder,  all  analyses."  Green  corn  fodder  is 
used  chiefly  for  dairy  cattle,  but  may  also  be  fed  to  beef  cattle  and  horses  not  at 
hard  work.     Standing  corn  is  often  ''hogged  down"  or  "sheeped  down." 

Sorghum  fodder,  $ per  ton.    Are  either  the  sweet  sorghums  or  the 

grain  sorghums  important  forage  crops  in  your  locality?  What  is  the  com- 
parative yield  of  sweet  sorghum  fodder  and  corn  fodder? 

Hay  from  clover  and  mixed  grasses,  $ per  ton.      (Use  the  figures 

in  Appendix  Table  III  for  ''Clover  and  mixed  grasses.")  Your  text  gives  little 
discussion  of  mixed  hay  as  such,  for  its  value  varies  widely,  depending  on  the 
proportion  of  clovers  or  other  legumes  in  the  hay,  and  on  the  varieties  of  grass 
present.  Much  more  mixed  clover  and  timothy  hay  is  grown  in  the  United 
States  than  of  any  other  kind  of  hay.  Mixed  hay  will  be  found  useful  in  place 
of  timothy  or  clover  hay  and  may  be  used  in  the  same  manner. 

Problem  A. — If  Feeds  and  Feeding  is  used  as  the  text,  study  thoroly  pages 
357-362  of  Chapter  XXI  and  also  Chapter  XXIII,  especially  Articles  658-664.  If 
you  are  using  Feeds  and  Feeding,  Abridged  as  the  text,  study  carefully  Parts  I 
and  III  of  Chapter  XX,  especially  pages  259-261. 

Compute  on  pages  123  the  most  economical  ration  possible  according  to  the 
Morrison  (Modified  Wolff-Lehmann)  feeding  standards  for  a  1,000-Tb.  cow  pro- 
ducing daily  30  lbs.  3.5  per  ct.  milk.  Feed  1  lb.  of  hay  and  3  lbs.  of  silage  per 
100  lbs.  live  weight  unless  directed  otherwise  by  the  instructor.  How  does  the 
amount  of  concentrates  required  compare  with  the  common  rule  "Feed  1  lb.  of 
concentrates  per  day  for  each  pound  of  butter  fat  the  cow  produces  per  week?" 

What  is  the  cost  of  feed  for  100  lbs.  of  milk?     For  each  pound  of  butter  fat? 

Problem  B. — In  the  practical  feeding  of  dairy  herds  a  balanced  ration  is  not 
commonly  figured  out  for  each  cow  in  the  herd.  A  good  method  is  to  compute 
a  ration  for  an  average  cow  and  then  to  feed  the  same  concentrate  mixture  and 
roughages  to  the  rest  of  the  herd,  but  to  adjust  the  amount  fed  to  each  cow  of 
the  concentrate  mixture  and  of  roughage  according  to  one  of  the  common 
"thumb"  rules,  such  as  those  stated  in  the  previous  problem. 

Compute  on  page  124  a  ration  for  a  1,000-lb  cow  yielding  daily  20  lbs.  of  3.5 
per  ct.  milk.  Use  the  same  kinds  and  amounts  of  roughage  as  in  the  previous 
ration.  Also  feed  the  same  concentrate  mixture,  but  decrease  the  amount,  follow- 
ing the  thumb  rule  given  before.  It  will  simplify  the  work  in  this  and  the 
following  problem  to  compute  first  the  dry  matter,  the  digestible  protein,  and  the 
total  digestible  nutrients  in  100  lbs.  of  the  concentrate  mixture.  Then  use  this 
mixture  as  if  it  were  a  single  feed  with  this  content  of  digestible  nutrients.  How 
does  this  ration  agree  with  the  requirements  according  to  the  Morrison  (Modified 
Wolff-Lehmann)   feeding  standards? 

113 


Problem  C, — In  the  same  manner  compute  on  page  125  a  ration  for  a  1,000-lb. 
cow  yielding  60  lbs.  of  3.5  per  ct.  milk.  How  does  the  ration  agree  with  the 
requirements  according  to  the  standards? 

Problem  D. — Compute  a  ration  for  a  1,400- lt».  cow  yielding  30  Tbs.  of  3.5 
per  ct.  milk.  Use  the  same  concentrate  mixture  as  before  and  feed  according  to 
the  thumb  rule.  Use  the  same  roughage,  but  increase  the  amount  to  correspond 
with  the  weight  of  the  cow. 

The  foregoing  problems  will  show  how  a  mixture  of  concentrates  may  be  made 
up  and  the  amount  fed  each  animal  adjusted  to  her  requirements.  If  there  is 
insufficient  time  for  each  member  of  the  class  to  work  all  these  problems,  it  is 
suggested  that  all  work  Problem  A  and  that  Problems  B,  C,  and  D  be  then 
assigned  to  different  sections  of  the  class  and  the  rations  discussed  later  in  the 


114 


FEED  STUDY  BLANK 


Name 

Source  and  definition . 


COMPOSITION  OF  100  POUNDS 


Dry 

matter 

Ash 

Crude 
protein 

Carbohydrates 

Fat 

Total 
dig. 

nutri- 
ents 

Fiber 

N-free 
extract 

Total 

Lbs. 

Lbs. 

Lbs. 

Lbs. 

Lbs. 

Lbs. 

Lbs. 

Digestible 

Total  dig.  nutr.  in  2,000  lbs Nutritive  ratio 

Price  per  ton  $ Weight  of  1  quart lbs. 

Cost  of  1  lb.  total  dig.  nutr (to  hundredths  of  a  cent) 

Cost  per  lb.  digestible  crude  protein (to  hundredths  of  a  cent) 

Palatability,  usefulness,  and  limitations  for  horses,  dairy  and  beef  cattle,  sheep, 
and  swine: 


(Continue  notes  on  next  page) 


IIG 


FEED  STUDY  BLANK 


Source  smd  definition                                                            

COMPOSITION  OF  100  POUNDS 

Dry 

matter 

Ash 

Crude 
protein 

Carbohydrates 

Fat 

Total 
dig- 
nutri- 
ents 

Fiber 

N-free 
extract 

Total 

Lbs. 

Lbs. 

Lbs. 

Lbs. 

Lbs. 

Lbs. 

Lbs. 

Digestible 

Total  dig.  nutr.  in  2,000  lbs Nutritive  ratio 

Price  per  ton  $ Weight  of  1  quart lbs. 

Cost  of  1  lb.  total  dig.  nutr (to  hundredths  of  a  cent) 

Cost  per  lb.  digestible  crude  protein (to  hundredths  of  a  cent) 

Palatability,  usefulness,  and  limitations  for  horses,  dairy  and  beef  cattle,  sheep, 
and  swine: 


(Continue  notes  on  next  page) 


117 


118 


FEED  STUDY  BLANK 


Name  of  feed 

Source  and  definition . 


COMPOSITION  OF  100  POUNDS  OF  FEED 

Dry 

matter 

Ash 

Crude 
protein 

Carbohydrates 

Fat 

Total 
dig.. 

nutri- 
ents 

Fiber 

N-free 
extract 

Total 

Lbs. 

Lbs. 

Lbs. 

Lbs. 

Lbs. 

Lbs. 

Lbs. 

Coefficient  of  digesti- 
bility   

Digestible. . , 

Total  dig.  nutr.  in  2,000  lbs Nutritive  ratio 

Price  per  ton  $ Weight  of  1  quart lbs. 

Cost  of  1  lb.  total  dig.  nutr (to  hundredths  of  a  cent) 

Cost  per  lb.  digestible  crude  protein (to  hundredths  of  a  cent) 

PalatabUity,    usefulness,  and  Umitations   for  horses,  dairy  and  beef  cattle,  sheep, 
and  swine: 


(Continue  notes  on  next  page) 
119 


120 


FEED  STUDY  BLANK 


Name • 

Source  and  definition                                                       

COMPOSITION  OF  100  POUNDS 

Dry 

matter 

Ash 

Crude 
protein 

Carbohydrates 

Fat 

Total 
dig- 
nutri- 
ents 

Fiber 

N-free 
extract 

Total 

Lbs. 

Lbs. 

Lbs. 

Lbs. 

Lbs. 

Lbs. 

Lbs. 

Digestible 

Total  dig.  nutr.  in  2,000  lbs Nutritive  ratio 

Price  per  ton  S Weight  of  1  quart lbs. 

Cost  of  1  lb.  total  dig.  nutr (to  hundredths  of  a  cent) 

Cost  per  lb.  digestible  crude  protein (to  hundredths  of  a  cent) 

Palatability,  usefulness,  and  limitations  for  horses,  dairy  and  beef  cattle,  sheep, 
and  swine: 


(Continue  notes  on  next  page) 


121 


122 


PROBLEM- MORRISON  STANDARD 

Computed  from  data  in  Exercise  No 

Standard  meeting  requirements  of  problem  above: 

Dry  matter lbs.       Dig.  protein 

Total  dig.  nutr lbs.       Nutritive  ratio .... 

Ration  coinputed  according  to  standard  above: 


Feeds 

Dry 
matter 

Dig. 
crude 
protein 

Total 
dig. 

nutri- 
ents 

Cost 

Lbs. 

Lbs. 

Lbs. 

Cents 

Totals 

Nutritive  ratio  of  ration  is 

Weight  of  one  qt.  of  concentrate  mixture  (in  rations  for  dairy  cows) , 
What  is  your  opinion  of  this  ration?    Can  you  improve  it? 


123 


PROBLEM-MORRISON  STAXDAllD 

Computed  from  data  in  Exercise  No 

Standard  meeting  requirements  of  prol>lem  above: 

Dry  matter lbs.      Dig.  protein 

Total  dig.  nutr lbs.      Nutritive  ratio 

Ration  computed  according  to  standard  above: 


.lbs. 


Feeds 

Dry 

matter 

Dig. 
crude 
protein 

Total 
dig. 

nutri- 
ents 

Cost 

Lbs. 

Lbs. 

Lbs. 

Cents 

Totals 

Nutritive  ratio  of  ration  is 

Weight  of  one  qt.  of  concentrate  mixture  (in  rations  for  dairy  cows) . 
WTiat  is  your  opinion  of  this  ration?    Can  you  improve  it? 


124 


PROBLEM— MORRISON  STANDARD 

Computed  from  data  in  Exercise  No 

Standard  meeting  requirements  of  problem  above: 

Dry  matter lbs.      Dig.  protein 

Total  dig.  nutr lbs.      Nutritive  ratio .... 

Ration  computed  according  to  standard  above: 


lbs. 


Feeds 

Dry 

matter 

Dig. 
crude 
protein 

Total 
dig- 
nutri- 
ents 

Cost 

Lbs. 

Lbs. 

Lbs. 

Cents 

Totals 

Nutritive  ratio  of  ration  is 

Weight  of  one  qt.  of  concentrate  mi.xture  (in  rations  for  dairy  cows) 
What  is  your  opinion  of  this  ration?    Can  you  improve  it? 


125 


9 


O 


^\^^ 


o 


V/ 


-^1^ 


126 


V^     EXERCISE  11 

THE  FEEDING  OF  BEEF  CATTLE 

Feed  studies. — Make  complete  studies  of  the  following  feeds: 

Oat  and  pea  hay,  $ per  ton.  When  cut  at  the  right  stage  of  ma- 
turity and  well  cured,  this  hay  is  valuable,  especially  for  dairy  cattle,  and  may  be 
used  as  a  substitute  for  clover  or  alfalfa  hay. 

Sudan  grass  hay,  $ per  ton.    Is  Sudan  grass  grown  to  any  extent 

in  your  section? 

Study  whichever  of  the  following  legumes  is  more  important  in  your  district. 

Cowpea  hay,  $ per  ton.     Cowpeas  are  the  most  common  legume 

in  the  cotton  belt,  but  are  not  well  adapted  to  the  extreme  northern  states. 

Soybean  hay,  $ per  ton.     Should  the  acreage  of  soybeans  grown 

for  forage  be  increased  in  jour  locality? 

Problem  A. — Study  carefully  the  discussion  of  ' '  Margin ' '  in  your  text.  Then 
work  out  the  following  problem. 

A  man  buys  1,000-lb.  steers  in  thin  flesh  at  $7.00  per  cwt.  and  feeds  them  an 
average  ration  of  16  lbs,  shelled  corn,  2.75  lbs.  cottonseed  meal,  15  lbs.  corn 
silage,  and  5  lbs.  clover  hay  for  120  days.  In  steer  feeding  it  is  commonly 
assumed  that  the  value  of  the  manure  produced  by  the  steers  and  the  pork  made 
by  the  hogs  following  the  steers  will  pay  for  the  costs  other  than  the  feed.  During 
this  period  the  average  daily  gain  of  the  steers  is  2.5  lbs.  With  shelled  corn  at 
$.56  per  bushel,  and  cottonseed  meal  at  $35.00  per  ton,  com  silage  at  $4.50  per 
ton  and  clover  hay  at  $14.00  per  ton,  what  must  the  steers  seU  for  per  cwt,  to 
break  even  on  the  transaction?  What  is  the  necessary  margin  in  this  feeding 
operation?     Summarize  your  computations  on  page  133. 

Problem  B. — Taking  the  data  given  in  Problem  A,  find  the  necessary  margin 
if  the  steers  had  weighed  900  lbs.  at  the  start. 

Supposing  they  had  weighed  1,000  lbs.  and  were  fed  90  days,  consuming  the 
same  ration  and  making  the  same  gains  as  in  Problem  A,  what  would  be  the 
necessary  margin? 

What  will  be  the  necessary  margin  if  corn  costs  $.84  per  bushel  and  cottonseed 
meal  $50.00  per  ton? 

From  the  results  obtained  state  how  initial  cost,  initial  weight,  length  of  feed- 
ing period,  and  cost  of  feeds  influence  the  necessary  margin. 

Problem  C. — If  using  Feeds  and  Feeding  as  the  text,  study  Part  I  of  Chapter 
XXVI  and  also  Chapter  XXIX,  or  if  your  text  is  Feeds  and  Feeding,  Abridged, 
study  Chapter  XXIII.     Then  work  out  the  f  ollo-ning  problem  on  page  136. 

Two-year-old  feeder  steers  of  good  quality,  averaging  950  lbs.  when  placed  in 
the  feed  lot,  are  to  be  fed  during  the  winter  for  120  days  so  as  to  make  an  aver- 
age daily  gain  of  2.3  lbs.  As  steers  fatten  they  consume  a  smaller  proportion  of 
roughage.  This  is  recognized  in  the  recommendations  of  the  Morrison  (Modified 
Wolff-Lehmann)  standards  for  the  first,  mJddle,  and  last  periods  of  fattening. 
Using  the  same  feeds  for  each  period  but  varying  the  proportion  as  necessary, 
compute  the  best  and  cheapest  ration  for  each  period.  Base  the  ration  on  the 
average  weight  of  the  steers  'at  the  middle  of  each  period,  not  on  the  initial  weight. 
Use  page  136  for  the  ration  for  the  fii'st  period  and  tabulate  rations  for  the  other 
periods  in  the  same  manner  on  page  137. 

127 


FEED  STUDY  BLANK 


Name 

Source  and  definition . 


COMPOSITION  OF  100  POUNDS 


Dry 

matter 

Ash 

Crude 
protein 

Carbohydrates 

Fat 

Total 
dig. 

nutri- 
ents 

Fiber 

N-free 
extract 

Total 

Lbs. 

Lbs. 

Lbs. 

Lbs. 

Lbs. 

Lbs. 

Lbs. 

Digestible 



Total  dig.  nutr.  in  2,000  lbs Nutritive  ratio 

Price  per  ton  $ Weight  of  1  quart lbs. 

Cost  of   1  lb.  total  dig.  nutr (to  hundredths  of  a  cent) 

Cost  per  lb.  digestible  crude  protein (to  hundredths  of  a  cent) 

Palatability,  usefulness,  and  limitations  for  horses,  dairy  and  beef  cattle,  sheep, 
and  swine: 


(Contmue  notes  on  next  pag'e) 


129 


FEED  STUDY  BLANK 


Name 

Source  and  definition . 


COMPOSITION  OF  100  POUNDS 


Dry 

matter 

Ash 

Crude 
protein 

Carbohydrates 

Fat 

Total 
dig. 

nutri- 
ents 

Fiber 

N-free 
extract 

Total 

Lbs. 

Lbs. 

Lbs. 

Lbs. 

Lbs. 

Lbs. 

Lbs. 

Digestible 

Total  dig.  nutr.  in  2,000  lbs Nutritive  ratio 

Price  per  ton  $ Weight  of  1  quart lbs. 

Cost  of   1  lb.  total  dig.  nutr (to  hundredths  of  a  cent) 

Cost  per  lb.  digestible  crude  protein (to  hundredths  of  a  cent) 

Palatability,  usefulness,  and  limitations  for  horses,  dairy  and  beef  cattle,  sheep, 
and  swine: 


(Continue  notes  on  next  page) 


130 


131 


FEED  STUDY  BLANK 


Name 

Source  and  definition . 


COMPOSITION  OF  100  POUNDS 


Dry 

matter 

Ash 

Crude 
protein 

Carbohydrates 

Fat 

Total 
dig. 

nutri- 
ents 

Fiber 

N-free 
extract 

Total 

Lbs. 

Lbs. 

Lbs. 

Lbs. 

Lbs. 

Lbs. 

Lbs. 

Digestible 

Total  dig.  nutr.  in  2,000  lbs Nutritive  ratio 

Price  per  ton  $ Weight  of  1  quart lbs. 

Cost  of   1  lb.   total  dig.   nutr (to  hundredths  of  a  cent) 

Cost  per  lb.  digestible  crude  protein (to  hundredths  of  a  cent) 

Palatabilit}',  usefulness,  and  limitations  for  horses,  dairj'  and  beef  cattle,  sheep, 
and  swine: 


(Continue  notes  on  next  page) 


132 


133 


134 


135 


PROBLEM— MORRISON  STANDARD 

Computed  from  data  in  Exercise  No 

Standard  meeting  requirements  of  problem  above: 

Dry  matter lbs.      Dig.  protein 

Total  dig.  nutr lbs.      Nutritive  ratio 

Ration  computed  according  to  standard  above: 


.Ib.s. 


Feeds 

Dry 

matter 

Dig 
crude 
protein 

Total 
dig. 

nutri- 
ents 

Cost 

Lbs. 

Lbs. 

Lbs. 

Cents 

Totals 

Nutritive  ratio  of  ration  is 

Weight  of  one  at.  of  concentrate  mixture  (in  rations  for  dairy  cows) 
What  is  your  opinion  of  this  ration?    Can  you  improve  it? 


137 


EXERCISE  12 

THE  FEEDING  OF  SHEEP 

Feed  studies. — Make  complete  studies  of  the  following  feeds: 

Alfalfa,  green,  $ per  ton.     Discuss  the  value  of  alfalfa  soilage 

and  also  alfalfa  pasture. 

Med  clover,  green,  $ per  ton.     Discuss  the  use  of  red  clover  aa  a 

soiling  crop  and  also  as  pasture. 

Study  whichever  of  the  following  is  more  important  in  your  district: 

Oats  and  peas,  green,  $ per  ton.     Cowpeas,  green,  $ 

per  ton. 

ProWera  A.— If  Feeds  and  Feeding  is  your  text  study  carefully  Part  II  of 
Chapter  XXXII,  or  if  you  are  using  Feeds  and  Feeding,  Abridged,  study  pages 
330-333.  Then  compute  according  to  the  Morrison  (Modified  Wolff-Lehmann) 
feediug  standards  the  ration  you  would  recommend  for  fattening  a  carload  of 
western  lambs,  averaging  55  ffis.  when  placed  on  feed  and  to  be  fed  until  they 
reach  an  average  weight  of  85  lbs.  Compute  on  page  145  the  ration  for  the  middle 
of  the  feeding  period,  when  the  lambs  will  be  on  full  feed.  How  would  you 
change  this  ration  in  starting  the  lambs  on  feed?  What  should  the  average  daily 
gain  of  the  lambs  be  on  your  ration?    How  long  will  it  take  them  to  reach  85  lbs? 

Problem  B. — ^Figure  out  on  pages  146  and  147  the  return  you  would  have 
probably  realized  last  winter  in  feeding  a  carload  of  western  lambs  the  above 
ration.  Make  the  problem  real.  Look  up  the  quotations  for  feeder  lambs  and  for 
fat  lambs  on  the  dates  you  would  have  purchased  the  lambs  and  sold  them.  In- 
clude all  costs  of  purchasing  and  selling  the  lambs — freight,  commission,  etc. 
Assuming  that  the  value  of  the  manure  will  offset  the  cost  of  the  labor,  what 
would  have  been  the  net  return,  not  making  any  deduction  for  interest,  cost  of 
shelter,  and  possible  death  losses  of  lambs? 

Problem  C. — Formulate  on  page  148  a  ration  for  a  pen  of  8  breeding  ewes, 
weighing  125  lbs.  each,  which  are  suckling  winter  lambs.  Study  the  paragraphs 
in  your  text  on  feeding  breeding  ewes.  Use  the  Morrison  (Modified  Wolff- Leh- 
mann)  standards  for  breeding  ewes  with  lambs,  and  employ  any  of  the  feeds  that 
liave  been  studied  which  are  useful  for  sheep.  For  succulence  feed  silage  from 
well-matured  corn  or  else  feed  roots^  depending  on  which  crop  can  be  produced 
more  cheaply  in  your  section.  The  dry  matter  in  the  roughage,  including  suc- 
culent feed,  and  in  the  concentrates  should  be  about  equal. 


138 


FEED  STUDY  BLANK 


Name 

Source  and  definition 


co:mposition  of  loo  pounds 


Dry 

matter 

Ash 

Crude 
protein 

Carbohydrates 

Fat 

Total 
dig. 

nutri- 
ents 

Fiber 

N-free 
extract 

Total 

Lbs. 

Lbs. 

Lbs. 

Lbs. 

Lbs. 

Lbs. 

Lbs. 

Digestible 

Total  dig.  nutr.  in  2,000  lbs Nutritive  ratio 

Price  per  ton  $ Weight  of  1  quart lbs. 

Cost  of  1  lb.  total  dig.  nutr (to  hundredths  of  a  cent) 

Cost  per  lb.  digestible  crude  protein (to  hundredths  of  a  cent) 

Palatability,  usefulness,  and  hmitations  for  horses,  dairy  and  beef  cattle,  sheep, 
and  swine: 


(Continue  notes  on  next  page) 


140 


FEED  STUDY  BLANK 


Name 

Source  and  definition . 


COMPOSITION  OF  100  POUNDS 


Dry 

matter 

Ash 

Crude 
protein 

Carbohydrates 

Fat 

Total 
dig. 

nutri- 
ents 

Fiber 

N-free 
extract 

Total 

Lbs. 

Lbs. 

Lbs. 

Lbs. 

Lbs. 

Lbs. 

Lbs. 

Digestible 



Total  dig.  nutr.  in  2,000  lbs .  .  . 

Price  per  ton  -S 

Cost  of  1  lb.  total  dig.  nutr. 


Nutritive  ratio 

Weight  of  1  quart lbs. 

(to  hundredths  of  a  cent) 


Cost  per  lb.  digestible  crude  protein (to  hundredths  of  a  cent) 

Palatability,  usefulness,  and  limitations  for  horses,  dairy  and  beef  cattle,  sheep, 
and  swine: 


(Continue  notes  on  next  page) 


141 


142 


FEED  STUDY  BLANK 


Name 

Source  and  definition . 


COMPOSITION  OF  100  POUNDS 


Dry 

matter 

Ash 

Crude 
protein 

Carbohydrates 

Fat 

Total 
dig. 

nutri- 
ents 

Fiber 

N-free 
extract 

Total 

Lbs. 

Lbs. 

Lbs. 

Lbs. 

Lbs. 

Lbs. 

Lbs. 

Digestible 

Total  dig.  nutr.  in  2,000  lbs Nutritive  ratio 

Price  per  ton  $ Weight  of  1  quart lbs. 

Cost  of  1  lb.  total  dig.  nutr (to  hundredths  of  a  cent) 

Cost  per  lb.  digestible  crude  protein (to  hundredths  of  a  cent) 

Palatability,  usefulness,  and  limitations  for  horses,  dairy  and  beef  cattle,  sheep, 
and  swine: 


(Contmue  notes  on  next 


143 


144 


PROBLEM-MORRISON  STANDARD 

Computed  from  data  in  Exercise  No 

Standard  meeting  requirements  of  problem  above: 

Dry  matter lbs.      Dig.  protein lbs. 

Total  dig.  nutr lbs.       Nutritive  ratio 

Ration  computed  according  to  standard  above: 


Feeds 

Dry 

matter 

Dig. 
crude 
protein 

Total 
dig. 

nutri- 
ents 

Cost 

Lbs. 

Lbs. 

Lbs. 

Cents 

Totals 

Nutritive  ratio  of  ration  is 

Weight  of  one  qt.  of  concentrate  mi.xture  (in  rations  for  dairy  cows) 
What  is  your  opinion  of  this  ration?    Can  you  improve  it? 


146 


147 


PROBLEM— MORRISON  STANDARD 

Computed  from  data  in  Exercise  No 

Standard  meeting  requirements  of  problem  above: 

Dry  matter lbs.      Dig.  protein lbs. 

Total  dig.  nutr lbs.      Nutritive  ratio 

Ration  computed  according  to  standard  above: 


Feeds 

Dry 

matter 

Dig. 

crude 
protein 

Total 
dig. 

nutri- 
ents 

Cost 

• 

Lbs. 

Lbs. 

Lbs. 

Cent.s 

Totals                  .                                  ... 

Nutritive  ratio  of  ration  is 

Weight  of  one  qt.  of  concentrate  mixture  (in  rations  for  dairy  cows) . 
What  is  your  opinion  of  this  ration?    Can  you  improve  it? 


148 


EXERCISE  13 

THE  FEEDING  OF  SWINE 

Feed  studies. — Make  complete  studies  of  the  following  feeds: 

Green  rape,  $ per  ton,     Eape  is  often  used  as  soilage,  especially 

for  sheep,  but  is  more  commonly  used  for  pasture. 

Mangels,  $ per  ton.     Are  roots  commonly  grown  for  stock  feeding 

in  your  locality?  If  so,  to  what  classes  of  stock  are  they  fed?  Should  they  be 
more  largely  used  for  stock? 

Butabagas,  $ per  ton. 

This  completes  the  study  of  50  common  feeds  used  for  animals  in  the  United 
States.  Many  other  feeds  might  be  studied  in  the  same  way.  Those  feeds  which 
have  been  studied  represent  perhaps  those  most  widely  used.  It  is  expected  that 
tlie  teacher  and  student  will  not  confine  themselves  in  actual  practice  to  the  feeds 
that  have  been  presented  here.  The  usefulness  of  a  feed  is  governed  largely  by 
the  supply  and  price.  A  successful  practical  feeder  must  familiarize  himself 
with  all  feeds  available  and  study  their  true  relative  values. 

Problem  A. — Compute  rations  according  to  the  Morrison  (Modified  Wolff- 
Lehmann)  feeding  standards  for  growing,  fattening  pigs  of  the  following 
weights:  40  lbs.,  75  lbs.,  125  lbs.,  and  175  lbs.,  using  for  each  weight  the  proper 
proportions  of  whichever  of  the  following  combinations  of  feeds  is  most  eco- 
nomical under  your  local  conditions: 

Shelled  corn  and  tankage. 

Shelled  corn  and  skim  milk. 

Ground  barley  and  skim  milk. 

Ground  milo  and  tankage. 

"What  do  these  rations  teach  you  as  to  the  proportion  of  protein-rich  feed 
needed  for  pigs  of  various  ages? 

References  for  this  problem  are  Feeds  and  Feeding,  Chapter  XXIII,  especially 
Articles  913-919,  Chapter  XXIV,  Articles  957-960  and  964-6,  also  Chapter  XXXV, 
Article  1034;  or  Feeds  and  Feeding,  Abridged,  Chapter  XXVII,  especially  pages 
347-52,  and  358-60. 

Problem  B. — Suggest  a  pasture  system  adapted  to  your  section  for  carrying 
40  April  pigs  thru  the  summer  to  a  weight  of  225  lbs.  Calculate  the  necessary 
acreage  of  each  crop  and  the  necessary  kinds  and  amounts  of  grain  and  supple- 
mentary feeds  fed  in  a  self-feeder.  Compute  the  cost  of  these  concentrates,  and 
then  the  cost  of  concentrates  required  for  each  100  Tbs.  gain.  Find  out  the  selling 
price  of  hogs  (live  weight).  Deduct  the  cost  of  concentrates  required  for  100 
lbs.  gain  from  the  selling  price  per  cwt.  to  find  the  amount  received  over  and 
above  the  cosb  of  concentrates  to  pay  for  labor,  rent  of  land,  equipment,  main- 
tenance of  brood  sows,  boar  service,  and  other  overhead  charges. 


FEED  STUDY  BLANK 


Name 

Source  and  definition . 


COMPOSITION  OF  100  POUNDS 


*. 

Dry 

matter 

Ash 

Crude 
protein 

Carbohydrates 

Fat 

Total 
dig. 

nutri- 
ents 

Fiber 

N-free 
extract 

Total 

Lbs. 

Lbs. 

Lbs. 

Lbs. 

Lbs. 

Lbs. 

Lbs. 

Digestible 

Total  dig.  nutr.  in  2,000  lbs Nutritive  ratio 

Price  per  ton  $ Weight  of  1  quart lbs. 

Cost  of  1  lb.  total  dig.  nutr (to  himdredths  of  a  cent) 

Cost  per  lb.  digestible  crude  protein (to  hundredths  of  a  cent) 

Palatability,  usefulness,  and  limitations  for  horses,  dairy  and  beef  cattle,  sheep, 
and  swine: 


(Continue  notes  on  next  page^ 


150 


FEED  STUDY  BLANK 


Name 

Source  and  definition . 


COMPOSITION  OF  100  POUNDS 

Dry 

matter 

Ash 

Crude 
protein 

Carbohydrates 

Fat 

Total 
dig. 

nutri- 
ents 

Fiber 

N-free 
extract 

Total 

Lbs. 

Lbs. 

Lbs. 

Lbs. 

Lbs. 

Lbs. 

Lbs. 

Digestible 

Total  dig.  nutr.  in  2,000  lbs Nutritive  ratio 

Price  per  ton  $ Weight  of  1  quart lbs. 

Cost  of  1  lb.  total  dig.  nutr (to  hundredths  of  a  cent) 

Cost  per  lb.  digestible  crude  protein (to  hundredths  of  a  cent) 

Palatability,  usefulness,  and  limitations  for  horses,  dairy  and  beef  cattle,  sheep, 
and  swine: 


(Continue  notes  on  next  page) 


153 


FEED  STUDY  BLANK 


Name 

Source  and  definition . 


COMPOSITION  OF  100  POUNDS 


Dry 

matter 

Ash 

Crude 
protein 

Carbohj'drates 

Fat 

Total 
dig. 

nutri- 
ents 

Fiber 

N-free 
extract 

Total . 

Lbs. 

Lbs. 

Lbs. 

Lbs. 

Lbs. 

Lbs. 

Lbs. 

Digestible 

Total  dig.  nutr.  in  2,000  lbs .  .  . 

Price  per  ton  $ 

Cost  of  1  lb.  total  dig.  nutr. 


Nutritive  ratio 

Weight  of  1  quart lbs. 

(to  hundredths  of  a  cent) 


Cost  per  lb.  digestible  crude  protein . 


(to  hundredths  of  a  cent) 


Palatability,  usefulness,  and  limitations  for  horses,  dairy  and  beef  cattle,  sheep, 
and  swine: 


(Continue  notes  on  next  page) 


154 


155 


156 


157 


158 


EXERCISE  14 

SILOS  AND  SILAGE 

Problem  A. — A  farmer  wishes  to  provide  corn  silage  for  a  herd  of  16  Guern- 
sey cows  averaging  950  lbs.  in  weight,  7  yearling  heifers,  2  idle  horses,  and  30 
breeding  ewes,  during  a  winter  feeding  period  of  6  months.  How  much  silage 
will  be  fed  daily  from  the  silo?  What  size  of  silo  would  you  recommend  on 
this  farm? 

For  this  problem  and  those  following  use  the  blank  pages  at  the  back  of  the 
manual. 

Problem  B. — A  silo  14  feet  in  diameter  has  10  feet  of  average  corn  silage  left 
in  the  bottom.  Before  any  silage  had  been  removed  in  the  fall  the  total  depth  of 
silage  in  the  silo  was  26  feet.    How  many  tons  of  silage  are  there  left  in  the  silo? 

EXERCISE  15 

Problem  A. — In  many  instances  it  is  possible  to  market  farm-grown  grains 
and  with  the  proceeds  purchase  protein-rich  by-product  concentrates,  which  not 
only  aid  in  balancing  the  ration,  but  also  bring  fertility  to  the  farm.  Determine 
the  gain  or  loss  in  selling  10  tons  of  corn  and  purchasing  cottonseed  meal  with 
the  proceeds,  with  these  feeds  at  the  local  market  prices.  Assume  that  to  sup- 
plement the  feeds  available  on  the  farm,  the  feeding  value  of  the  cottonseed  meal 
is  enough  greater  than  corn  to  cover  the  cost  of  the  hauling. 

Problem  B. — Taking  the  manurial  value  of  the  feed  into  consideration  (see 
Exercise  7),  compare  the  net  cost  of  Mixture  A  with  Mixture  B:  Mixture  A. — 
1,000  lbs.  of  oats,  1,000  lbs.  of  barley,  1,000  lbs.  of  corn  meal,  and  1,000  lbs.  of 
oil  meal.  Mixture  B.— 1000  lbs.  of  gluten  feed,  1,000  lbs.  of  wheat  bran,  1,000 
lbs.  cottonseed  meal,  500  lbs.  corn  meal,  and  500  lbs.  of  oil  meal.  Compute  the 
manurial  value  on  the  assumption  that  the  above  amounts  of  the  two  mixtures 
were  fed  to  dairy  cows.  This  problem  will  illustrate  forcibly  the  advantages  in 
buying  protein-rich  concentrates. 

EXERCISE  16 

Problem  A. — Formulate  a  ration  for  a  1,000-lb.  dairy  cow  producing  30  lbs. 
of  4  per  ct.  milk  daily,  according  to  the  Morrison,  or  Modified  Wolff-Lehmann, 
standards,  feeding  only  as  much  digestible  crude  protein  as  is  advised  in  the 
lower  set  of  figures  in  the  standards.  Use  the  feeds  grown  in  your  locality  and 
supplement  the  farm  grown  grains  with  3  purchased  feeds  that  will  furnish  the 
required  additional  nutrients  most  economically.  If  timothy  hay  is  grown  use  it 
in  the  ration,  and  formulate  a  second  ration  using  alfalfa  or  clover  hay  in  place 
of  the  timothy  and  find  the  difference  in  cost  at  current  prices.  If  corn  silage 
is  not  grown,  see  if  an  addition  of  corn  silage  would  improve  the  ration.  Deter- 
mine the  feed  cost  per  100  lbs.  milk  and  per  pound  fat  with  feeds  at  local  prices. 

Problem  B. — Formulate  a  ration  under  the  same  conditions  as  in  Problem  A, 
using  the  higher  set   of  figures  for  crude  protein  in  the  Morrison,   or  Modified 

159 


Wolff-Lehmann,  standards,  and  see  if  this  narrower  ration  is  more  expensive  than 
the  previous  ration. 

EXERCISE  17 

Problem  A. — If  you  are  in  a  market  milk  and  also  a  creamery  district,  find 
out  the  price  paid  farmers  per  cwt.  for  milk  testing  3.5  per  ct.  butter  fat  and 
the  price  paid  at  creameries  per  pound  of  butter  fat.  Otherwise,  secure  rep- 
resentative prices  from  the  instructor. 

WTiich  is  the  most  profitable  way  of  marketing  milk?  Assume  that  if  cream 
is  sent  to  the  creamery,  from  each  100  lbs.  of  milk  produced  80  lbs.  of  skim  milk 
will  be  available  for  feeding.  When  fed  in  proper  amount  to  balance  the  ration, 
100  lbs.  of  skim  milk  is  -worth  one-half  as  much  as  a  bushel  of  shelled  corn.  Take 
into  consideration  the  fertility  lost  from  the  farm  in  the  two  methods  of  market- 
ing the  milk  and  any  different  in  cost  of  hauling. 

Problem  B. — Outline  a  method  and  probable  annual  cost  of  feeding  a  herd 
of  25  cows  on  the  average  producing  350  lbs.  of  butter  fat  during  an  average 
lactation  period  of  10  months. 

These  cows  must  be  well  cared  for  during  winter,  and  will  require  grain,  good 
pasture,  and  some  soilage  or  silage  during  the  summer. 


EXERCISE  18 

Problem  A. — A  farmer  grows  alfalfa  hay,  corn  silage,  mangels,  oats,  Canada 
field  peas  and  barley  enough  for  his  herd.  Formulate  a  ration  from  the  above 
feeds  for  a  cow  weighing  1,200  lbs.  She  yields  daily  36  lbs.  of  milk  testing  3.5 
per  ct.  butter  fat.  Use  equal  parts  by  weight  of  oats,  peas,  and  barley.  Feed 
30  lbs.  of  mangels  in  place  of  3  lbs.  of  the  usual  allowance  of  concentrates. 

This  exercise  shows  the  possibility  of  providing  satisfactory  rations  with  only 
home-grown  feeds.  With  clover  hay,  it  would  be  necessary  to  purchase  some  high 
protein  concentrate.     Oats  and  peas  may  be  easily  grown  together  for  grain. 

Problem  B. — Suggest  a  soilage  system  for  a  herd  of  25  cows  from  May  1  to 
November  1.  The  cows  average  1,000  lbs.  in  live  weight  and  yield  daily  an 
average  of  30  lbs.  of  4  per  ct.  milk.  Allow  them  a  liberal  grain  ration  and  cal- 
culate the  necessary  yield  of  each  crop  and  the  acreage.  Estimate  the  total 
number  of  acres  necessary  to  grow  hay  and  silage  for  feeding  from  November  1 
to  May  1  and  to  grow  the  above  amount  of  soilage.  Suggest  the  rotation  to  be 
practiced. 

EXERCISE  19 

Problem.— On  a  240  acre  farm  are  40  acres  of  pasture,  woodlot,  farmstead, 
etc.,  and  200  acres  in  tilled  crops.  Of  the  200  acres,  15  acres  are  devoted  to  silage 
corn,  60  acres  to  corn  for  grain,  60  acres  to  small  grain  and  65  acres  to  clover 
hay.  Suppose  the  silage  corn  yields  12  tons  per  acre,  the  60  acres  of  corn  yields 
60  bushels  of  ear  corn  and  2.5  tons  of  stover  per  acre,  the  small  grain  returns  the 
equivalent  of  45  bu.  of  oats  and  1.5  tons  of  straw,  and  the  hay  averages  1.75 
tons  per  acre. 

On  this  farm  are  kept  an  average  of  25  brood  sows  and  an  average  of  12  pigs 
are  raised  each  year  per  sow,  the  sows  having  both  fall  and  spring  litters. 

160 


It  is  desired  to  feed  the  surplus  roughage  to  cattle  in  winter  or  early  summer 
for  spring  or  summer  market.  Outline  a  method  for  the  management  of  the 
feeding.  Feed  the  cattle  120  days,  have  them  bought  at  1,000  lbs.  weight,  get 
them  to  gain  an  average  of  2.5  lbs.  daily.  Study  the  actual  markets  in  the  live- 
stock market  journals,  learn  the  shrink  to  feed  lots,  if  any,  count  in  all  buying 
expense  and  all  selling  expense,  such  as  freight,  commission  charges,  shrinkage, 
etc.  There  are  also  possible  losses  by  deaths,  etc.  Consider  also  the  value  of  the 
manure,  estimating  the  probable  amount  which  will  be  obtained.  If  necessary, 
supplement  the  farm  grown  feeds  with  linseed  or  cottonseed  meal.  Estimate  the 
number  of  cattle  that  may  be  fed  and  watch  for  the  time  to  market.  It  may  be 
necessary  to  hold  the  cattle  over  120  days  or  maybe  they  could  be  marketed  earlier. 
Write  up  a  connected  report  of  the  feeding  operations. 


EXERCISE  20 

If  possible,  the  instructor  should  secure  samples  of  all  the  concentrates  that 
have  been  studied.  Require  that  each  student  identify  all  in  a  reasonable  length 
of  time. 

Visit  a  good  stock  farm.  Find  out  the  ration  and  mixture  of  concentrates 
being  fed  to  as  many  of  the  following  as  possible:  (1)  dairy  cows,  (2)  bulls,  (3) 
pregnant  cows  not  giving  milk,  (4)  calves,  (5)  young  stock,  (6)  sheep,  (7) 
lambs,  (8)  yearling  colts,  (9)  two-year-old  colts,  (10)  stallions,  (11)  breeding 
mares,  (12)  work  horses,  (13)  mules,  (14)  young  horses  that  are  being  fattened 
for  market,  (15)  beef  cattle,  (16)  brood  sows,  (17)  swine  being  fattened  for 
market.  Write  up  a  report  pointing  out  any  instances  where  you  could  suggest 
improvements  in  the  rations  being  fed. 


IGI 


SUMMARY  TABLE 

Sko'wing  Relative  Value  of  Feeds  on  the  Basis  of  the  Nutritive  Ratio,  the  Cost  of  1  lb.  of 
Total  Digestible  Nutrients,  ajtd  of  1  lb.  of  Digestible  Crude  Protein. 


Feeds 

|li 

1^ 

J2 

Concentrates 

Low  protein,  N.  R.  1:6.1  or  wider 

Lbs. 

Lbs. 

Lbs. 

Cents 

Cents 

Corn-and-cob  meal 

Wheat 

Rye 

Oats 

Barley 

Kafij ... 

Beet  pulp,  dried 

Medium  protein  N.R.  1:3.1  to  1:6.0 
Germ  oil  meal 

Wheat  bran  av.  all  analyses 

Standard  wheat  middUngs 

Flour  wheat  middlinsis 

Red  dos  flour 

Wheat  feed  (shorts  and  bran) 

Cocoanut  meal 

162 


SUMMARY  TABLE, 

Continued 

Feeds 

li 

^b2S 

a 

■C.2 

«.£P2 

Concentrates,  con. 

High  protein,  N.R.  1:3.0  or  narrower 
Gluten  feed 

Lbs. 

Lbs. 

Lbs. 

Cents 

Cents 

Brewers'  grains,  dried 

Buckwheat  middlings 

Cottonseed  meal,  choice 

Cottonseed  meal,  good 

Linseed  meal,  old  process 

Soybeans 

Peas,  field 

Skim  milk,  centrifugal 

Tankage,  over  55%  protein 

Blood  meal 

Dry  Roughage 

Low  prokin,  N.R.  1:6.1  or  wider 
Corn  fodder,  medium  in  water 

Corn  stover,  medium  in  water 

Sorghum  fodder,  dry 

Timothy  hay,  all  analyses 

Sudan  grass  hay 

Clover  and  mixed  grass  hay 

Oat  straw 



163 


SUMMARY  TABLE,  Continued 


Feeds 

1^' 

18 

3 

a 

■ih 

|li 

> 
|.2 

3    rt 

— -T3 

S  H  s 

III 

Dry  Roughages,  con. 

Medium  protein,  N.R.  1:3  to  1:6.0 
Alfalfa  hay 

Lbs. 

Lbs. 

Lbs. 

Cents 

Cents 

Red  clover  hay 

Soybean  hay 

Peas  and  oats  hay 

High  protein,  N.R.  1:3.0  or  narrower 
Cowpea  hay,  all  analyses 

Green  Roughage  and  Silage 

Low  protein,  N.R.  1:6.1  or  wider 
Corn  silage,  well-matured 

Green  corn  fodder,  all  analyses 

Mangels 

Rutabagas 

164 


SUMMARY  TABLE,  Continued 


Feeds 

¥ 
is 

«^2 

•ill 

c 

bb.a  . 

> 

1-2 

111 

Green  Roughage  and  Silage,  con. 

Medium  protein,  N.R.  1:3.1  to  1:6:0 

Lbs. 

Lbs. 

Lbs. 

Cents 

Cents 

High  protein,  N.R.  1:3.0  or  narrower 

165 


INDEX 


Alfalfa,  green,  138,  139 

Alfalfa  hay,  15,  17 

Armsby  feeding  standards,  39 

Balanced  ration,   15 

Barley,  62,   63 

Beef  cattle,  feeding  of,  127 

margin  in  steer  feeding,  127,  133-5 
plan  of  managing  beef  cattle  and  swine 

farm,    160 
rations  for  fattening   steers,    127,    136-7 

Beef  steer,  maintenance  ration  for,   39,  49 

Beet  pulp,  dried,   99,   102 

Blood  meal,   99,    100 

Brewers'   dried  grains,   62,   66 

Buckwheat  middlings,   62,   72 

Cane,  molasses,  99,   104 

Clover  and  timothy  hay,   113,   121 

Clover  hay,  red,   7,   12 

Clover,  green,   138,   141 

Cocoanut  meal,   88,   89 

Coefficients   of   digestibility,   5 

Commercial  mixed  feeds,  88 

Corn-and-cob  meal,  27,  32 

Corn,   dent,    15,   23 

Corn,  dent,  ground,  27,  29 

Corn  fodder,  cured,  99,  106 

Corn  fodder,   green,   113,   117 

Corn  silage,   15,  20 

Corn  stover,  113,  115 

Cost  per    1    lb .   total   digestible    nutrients   in 

feeds,   6 
Cost  per  lb.  digestible  crude  protein  in  feeds, 

6 
Cottonseed  meal,    choice,    75,    76 
Cottonseed    meal,    good,    75,79 
Cow,  dairy,  see  Dairy  Cows 
Cowpea  hay,   127,   132 
CowiJeas,  green,  study  of,  138,   143 

Dairy  cows,   feeding   of,    113 

home-grown  ration  for,  160 

method  of  feeding  herd,   160 

ration    for    1000- lb.    cow    producing    25 

lbs.  of  4  per  ct.  milk,    15,   26 
ration    according    to    Armsly    standards, 

39,   50 
rations  according  to  Morrison  standards, 

51,    60,    62,    74,    113,    159 
rations      according     to      "Wolff-Lehmann 

standards,   27,   38 
rations  for  cows  of  various  productions, 

113,   123-126 
soiling  system  for,   160 
Dent  corn  ,15,  23 
Digestion  coefficients,  5 
Digestible  nutrients  in   feeds,   6 


Fertility,  bringing  to  farm  in  purchased  feeds, 

75,   86-7,   159 
Field  peas,  88,  91 
Fodder,  corn,   cured,   99,    106 
Fodder,  sorghum,   113,   119 

Germ  oil  meal,  39,  40 
Gluten  feed,  27,  36 

Horses,  feeding  of,  99 

ration  for  horse  at  hard  work,   99,    110 
ration  for  idle  horse,  99,  111 
ration  for  brood  mare,  99,  112 

Hominy  feed,  27,   34 

Kafir  grain,  62,  70 

Lambs,  see  Sheep 
Lindseed  meal,   75,   81 

Mangels,   149,   152 

Manurial  value  of  feeding  stuffs,  75,  86-7,  159 

Margin  in  fattening  beef  cattle,  127,  133-5 

Meat  meal,  88,  95 

Milk,  methods  of  marketing,   160 

Milk,  skim,  88,  93 

Mixed  feeds,    88 

Mixed  hay,   113,    121 

Modified  Wolff-Lehmann   standards,    51 

Molasses,  cane,  99,   104 

Morrison  feeding  standards,  51 

Nutritive  ratio,    6 

Oat  and  pea  hay,  127,   128 
Oats  and  peas,  green,   138,   143 
Oat  straw,  99,   108 

Pea  and  oat  hay,  127,  128 
Peas  and  oats,   green,   138,   143 
Peanut  meal,  75,  84 
Peas,  field,   88,  91 
Pigs,    see    Swine 

Rape,  green,   149,   150 

Ration,   15 

Red  clover  hay,   7,    12 

Red  clover,  green,   138,   141 

Red  dog  flour,  51,  54 

Rutabagas,    149,    154 

Rye,   62,  68 

Sheep,  feeding  of,   138 

expenses     and    returns    from    fattening 

lambs,  138,  146-7 
ration  for  breeding  ewes,   138,    148 
rations  for  fattening  lambs,   138,   145 


166 


Skim  milk,  88,  93 

Silage,  corn,  15,  20 

Silos  and  silage,    159 

Soiling  system  for   dairy  cows,    160 

Sorghum  fodder,   113,   119 

Soybean   hay,    127,    132 

Steer,   ration  for   maintaining,   39,    49 

Steers,  see  Beef  Cattle 

Straw,  oat,   99,   108 

Sudan  grass  hay,    127,    130 

Summary  table,    162-5 

Swine,  feeding  of,    149 

pasture    system   for   swine,    149,    157 
plan  of  managing  beef  cattle  and  swine 

farm,   160 
rations  for  pigs  of  various  weights,   149 
155 


Tankage,   88,   95 

Timothy  hay,  7,  9 

Timothy  and  clover  hay,   113,  121 

Total  digestible  nutrients  in  feeds,  6 

Weight  of  concentrates,   6 

Wheat,   39,   42 

Wheat  bran,   39,   44 

Wheat   middlings,    flour,    51,    52 

Wheat  middlings,  standard,   39,   47 

Wheat  mixed  feed,  51,  56 

WolflE-Lehmann  standards,   27 


it  C.  State  Co«e«« 


167 


